IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Photograph! 

Sciences 

Corporatioii 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
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I     l/Coloured  covers/ 

I   v\    Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


D 


n 


n 


Couverture  endommagee 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul6e 


n    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
ere  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relie  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
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The 
to  1 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
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modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag6es 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculees 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxe( 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet^es  ou  piquees 


I      I    Pages  damaged/ 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

V~~\    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 


The 
pos 
of  1 
filrr 


Ori( 
beg 
the 
sioi 
oth 
firs 
sioi 
or  i 


n    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tach^es 

r~L/Showthrough/ 
L—J    Transparence 

□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualit^  inegale  de  I'impression 

□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 


D 
D 


The 
sha 
TIIM 
whi 

Mai 
diff 
enti 
beg 
righ 
reqi 
met 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
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obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


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Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


26X 


30X 


: 


24X 


28X 


32X 


ails 

du 

difier 

jne 

•age 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
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filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grflce  d  la 
gin^rositd  de: 

La  bibliothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  filmds  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  emprein':e 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  filmd  A  partir 
de  Tangle  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


rata 


elure, 


3 


I2X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

wsm 


THE 


DESTINY  OF  AMERICA, 


THE  INEVITABLE  POLITICAL  UNION  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA. 


AMERICA  THE  QUEEN  OF  COMMERCE,  HER  INHABITANTS  THE 

t 

LEADERS  AND  RULERS  OF  THE  V/ORLD, 


THE  POTENT  KFFRCT  OF  CHRLSTIAN  CIVILIZA- 
TION ON  THE  AFFAIRS  OF  THF  WORLD. 


./ 


By  EDWIN  SUTHICRLAND, 
i)J  the  Distyici  of  Columbia  J>ar. 


W,   H.   LOWDERMILK  &  CO., 

WASIiINtvrON,  u.  c. 

l88q. 


Copyright  1S89. 
By  EDWIN  SUTHERLAND. 


THE 


DESTINY  OF  AMERICA 


THE  INEVITABLE  POLITICAL  UNION  OF  THE 
UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA. 


AMERICA  THE  QUEEN  OF  COMMERCE,  HER  INHABITANTS  THE 
LEADERS  AND  RULERS  OF  THE  Y^ORLD. 


THE  POTENT  EFFECT  OF  CHRISTIAN  CIVILIZA- 
TION ON  THE  AFFAIRS  OF  THE  WORLD. 


By  EDWIN  SUTHERLAND, 

Of  the  District  of  Columbia  Bar, 


W.  H.  LOWDERMILK  &  CO., 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 
1889. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  Destiny  of  America  is  a  subject  freighted  with 
man)'  grand  and  noble  ideas,  and  one  which  should 
eng-age  the  attention  of  every  patriot,  statesman  and 
scholar,  and,  indeed,  of  all,  whether  of  high  or  low 
degree. 

It  is  not  in  its  truest  and  widest  range  confined  to 
either  the  United  States,  Canada  or  Mexico,  but  to  al! 
— in  fact,  to  the  entire  Continent. 

The  following  essay  i~  the  result  of  no  inconsidera- 
ble research,  travel,  observation  apd  consideration:  the 
chief  difficulty  in  its  preparation  has  been  in  the  con- 
densation and  arrangement  of  the  mass  of  matter  which 
presented  itself;  sufficient  matter  relating  to  this  fruit- 
ful subject  could  be  found  to  fill  many  volumes 

The  essay  will  be  lound  to  be  divided  into  three 
parts, — the  first  relates  to  the  United  States,  its  area, 
physical  resources,  capabilities  of  its  people,  etc. ;, the 
second  treats  of  Canada  in  the  same  manner;  the  third 
aims  to  show  the  effect  Christian  civilization  will  have 
on  tlie  wliole  human  race,  the  part  the  American  people- 
are  to  play  in  this  process  of  civilization,  and  the  results 
which  v/ill  spring  from  the  political  union  of  the  United 
States  and  Canada. 

It  would  have  enlartred  the  essav  to  an  undesirable 
extent  to  have  taken  account  of  the  varied  and  wonder- 


fH-fKOifVCTloS. 


ful  resources  of  ,^Ir;4Jr/c  but  the  national  unity  of  the 
United  vStates  ami  Canada,  (brought:  about,  not  bj-  the 
violence  of  revofatkm  and  conquest,  but  by  the  silent 
forces  o(  ('.xamiAn',  Hnd  influence,)  will  ultimately  attract 
and  absorb  thut  mtwmrHo  that  it  too  will  become  a  part 
of  one  vast  Omiimrnt^il  Republic. — destined  to  be. 

This,  in  the  vwrw  a(  the  writer,  is  the  final  destiny  of 
America,  one  iii'Jii.<,isted  by  the  very  structure  and  re- 
sources of  tJie  Wt-MPin  Continent,  its  dominant  lan- 
guage, its  i)rt:\'iiktttt  rdigton  and  education. 

If  the  (fssay  %h&lh  tf>  any  extent,  awaken  the  attention 
of  die  studious  am{  thoughtful  to  the  great  and  grand 
destiny  of  this  (.mtmry — -encourage  or  lead  to  efforts, 
however  small,  for  die  promotion  and  attainment  of  that 
destin)',  the  wnter  will  Ire  am[)ly  compensated  for  die 
time  and  labor  *rx|)K'rrwlwl  it  its  [)reparation. 

The  descriptJQn  f>f  the  resources  and  capabilities,  as 
well  of  the  partkuhr  .States  and  Territories  as  of  the 
country  in  gen<;ral  h&'i  been  garnered  from  a  number 
ol  well-known  pdiyifations,  prominent  among  die,m 
being  "Our  \Ve^W;m  Empire"  by  L.  P.  Brocket,  "The 
Great  West"  l^y  a  flumber  of  eminent  Audtors  and 
Scientists,  "Our  Cmmtrv'"  by  the  Rev.  Josiah  Strong, 
D.  D.,  "Ridpatl3%  Hmtory  of  the  United  .States,"  sup- 
plemented by  thfx  i»f.fmnh\  observations  of  the  writer 
during  axiamkid  trzvek  through  Canada,  the  Great 
Northwest.  Wmi  and  South.  The  comparison  be- 
tween this  and  flurrxp^ian  countries  has  likewise  been 
obtained  from  VArtm^  authors  and  by  the  writer's  per- 
sonal observation'^. 

Edwin  .Sutherland, 

Jamiary,  iSHij 


THE  DESTINY  OE  AiVlERICA. 


IN  the  above  word  "America"  is  included  Canada, 
as  well  as  the  United  States.  ,  There  has  been  of 
late  much  controversy  on  both  sides  of  the  border 
line,  concernin^r  the  questions  of  "Annexation,"  "Reci- 
procity," and  "Commercial  Union."  Patriotic  Cana- 
dians have  been  holding/  up  th<.'.ir  hands  in  horror  at  the 
idea  of  Annexation.  "  Reciprocal  Trade"  or  "Commer- 
cial Union"  they  express  a  willingness  to  tolerate,  but 
they  draw  the  line  at  Annexation. 

Their  objection  to  becoming  an  integral  part  of  this 
Nation  seems  to  rest  largely  on  sentiment;  a  repug- 
nance to  being  so  disloyal  as  to  leave  the  shelter  of  the 
parental  roof;  and  national  pride,  feelings  in  every 
way  laudable. 

Canadians,  or  at  least  many  of  them,  are  imbued 
with  the  idea  that  theii  country  is  destined  to  become 
great;  which  it  undoubtedly  is,  but  not  as  a  separate 
nation. 

Professor  Ralph  W.  'I  homas  recently  read  a  paper 
before  the  Albany  Institute,  New  York,  entitled:  "What 
is  Canada?"  As  a  corollary  to  this  question  might  be 
asked,  "What  is  Canada's  Destiny?"  To  which  the 
writer  unhesitatingly  answers,  to  be  the  complement 


THE    DESTINV   OV    AM'CIUCA. 


and  hdpmect  of  the  United  States,  in  tlu;  rivili/in^^  and 
Christianizing  of  the  world — meanin;,'  thereby  the 
Christianizing  of  those  portions  of  the  world  not  alrearly 
under  Christian  influences;  and  the  raising  to  a  higher 
plane  of  civilization  those  portions  that  are."/  In  order 
to  get  at  the  subject  understandingly,  let  us  ask  and 
answer  the  following  questions:  "What  is  the  United 
States?"  "What  is  Canada?"  "What  is  Christi- 
anity?" "What  has  Christianity  accomplishc^d?" 
"What  is  it  destined  to  accomplish?"  "What  is  the 
comparison  between  Christian  and  non-Christian  races, 
and  the  inference  to  be  drawn  from  that  rompari'-on?" 
And,  in  what  particular  way  are  Christianity  and  Amer- 
ica to  be  co-related?" 

These  are  stupendous  questions,  tm  any  one  of  which 
volumes  could  be  written;  and  the  difficulty  is,  not  to 
obtain  matter  in  relation  to  them,  but  to  select  and  con- 
dense into  a  suitable  compass  the  mass  that  presents 
itself. 

"WHAT  IS  THE  UNITED  STATES?" 

The  area  of.  the  United  States  is  3, 6o3,8<S4  square 
miles;  of  which  at  least  2,000,000  square  miles  is  arable 
land. 

By  systematic  irrigation,  and  in  t.  .,*r  ways,  probably 
50,000  square  miles  of  supposed  worthless  lanfl  can 
be  adderl  to  this  number.  Take  for  instance  the 
'  Bad  Lands,"  so-called,  of  Dakota.  Testimony  is 
forthcoming  that  cattle  come  out  of  these  '*Bad 
Lands  "  in  prime  condition  for  market.  (Jut  of  the  total 
area  of  Dakota  there  are  less  than  kxj.o^jo  acres  of 
worthless   land.     Also  the   "Staked  I'lain,"  or   Llano 


'ir 


IIIK    DESTINY    i>V    AMIiKICA 


7 


iLst.icadn  of  I'exas,  a  region  of  about  30,000  sfiuarc; 
niilf.-s,  of  which  so  much  has  b(;en  heanl,  as  to  its  ster- 
lity.  ^'c.  The  fact  is  it  has  a  great  numhcr  of  fertile 
and  well-waterctl  valleys.  Some  i  5  or  20  milli(in  acres 
of  Washington  Tertitory  turns  out  to  ])e  the  fuiest 
wheat  fields  in  the  world.  Utah's  worthl(;ss  land  is 
rapidly  diminishing  in  quantity;  and  so  of  Arizona, 
Montana,  Idaho,  and  others. 

In  the  States  and  Territories  in  which  the  land  is 
not  adai)t(;d  to  agricultural  purposes,  in  nearly  all 
ca.ses  it  abounds  in  minerai  wealth  ( -  Is  peculiarly 
suited  for  grazing  purposes;  so  that  't  seems  Provi- 
dence, in  storing  away  the  wealth  .  diis  (.ountr),  was 
even  then  preparing-  for  die  race  which  wa  ;  tp  inhabit  it. 

These  arable  lands  odours  are  capable  <<f  supporting 
a  p(;pulation  of  about  fifteen  hundred  million  (1,500,- 
rxj<:»,ooo)  and  have  a  surplus  (iroduce  to  e;.port  of  five 
thousand  million  (5,000,000.000)  bus+iels  of  grain.  In 
order  to  get  some  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  our  country 
it  is  only  necessary  to  say  that  the  present  population 
of  the  United  States  m'ight  be  very  comfortably  placed 
and  sustained  in  Texas,  California,  New  Mexico,  or 
Dakota,  Texas  could  comfortably  contain  our  total 
pofuilation;  could  feed  them  from  products  raised 
within  her  own  borders;  could  supply  thi;  world  wijth 
cotton,  and  have  a  cattle  range  large;  enough  to  feed 
the  h(;rds  of  the  United  States,  or  to  supply  every 
human  being  on  the  face  of  the  earth  with  meat.  Add 
to  this  "empire,"  other  empires  such  as  California, 
New  Mexico,  Dakota,  Minnesota,  Wyoming,  Oregon, 
Washington  Territory,  and  others,  and  some  faint  con- 
ception can  be  had  of  the  immense  resources  of  this 


■^^«— ^PlWilWW! 


8 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA, 


country'.  Let  us  glance  briefly  at  some  of  the  more 
prominent  Western  and  Southern  "  empires"  and  as- 
certain their  ma^^nitude  and  resources. 

TEXAS. 


Texas  has  an  area  of  274,365  .square  miles.  This 
area  is  equal  to  that  of  the  German  Empire  with  Hol- 
land, Belgium,  Switzerland  and  Denmark  added  to  it. 
It  is  four  times  larger  than  all  "New  England,"  and 
nearly  equal  to  the  combined  area  of  New  York,  Penn- 
sylvania, Ohio,  Michigan,  Indiana  and  Illinois.  It  has 
every  variety  of  soil,  surface,  climate  and  rainfall.  The 
eastern  pordon  of  the  State  is  very  rich  in  its  natural 
resources;  in  it  are  vast  deposits  of  iron-ore  of  excel- 
lentquality,  and  extensive  beds  of  lignite  coal.  TJie  pro- 
duction of  coal  in  Texas  in  1S85  was  175,000  tons; 
there  are  no  statistics  for  any  year  previous  to  1883, 
when  the  production  was  100,000  tons.  Eastern  Texas 
is  a  region  of  abundant  timber,  and,  although  the  most 
densely  populated  portion  of  the  State,  full  one-half  of 
the  surface  is  still  covered  with  forests.  It  has  very  ex- 
tensive deposits  of  valuable  iron-ore  ;  large  deposits  of 
salt  are  found  in  the  lagoons  west  of  Corpus  Christi;  the 
material  to  make  plaster  of  paris  exists  within  a  short 
distance  of  Austia,  and  Mount  Bonnel,  and  yet  it  is  im- 
ported from  Newfoundland;  the  finest  of  marble  exists 
in  great  quantities,  the  River  Colorado  at  Marble  Falls 
cuts  its  way  through  mountains  of  solid  marble;  gypsum 
of  the  purest  kind  exists  in  sufficient  quantides  to  sup- 
ply the  world  for  centuries.  Central  Texas  has  a  rich 
soil,  and   is  the  best  cotton  region  in  the  world,  being 


w 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA.  9 

capable  of  producing  the  cotton  supply  of  the  world. 
Western  and  Southwestern  Texas  are  better  adapted 
to  grazing  than  to  farming.  Precious  metals  and 
other  mineral  deposits  exist  in  this  part  of  the  country 
in  profusion. 

The  luxuriant  growth  of  rich  native  _^rasses  found 
in  this  section  renders  it  pre-eminendy  a  stock-raising 
country,  and  as  such  it  is  unexcelled  by  any  other  por- 
tion of  the  continent.  The  mountainous  portion  of 
tlano  Estacado  is  rich  in  minerals  set  with  a  dme-lock 
to  be  opened  by  the  advent  of  the  railroad.  Silver, 
lead,  copper,  iron,  and  other  metals  are  found  there. 
With  irrigation  nearly  the  whole  of  the  so-called  "De- 
sert" could  be  brought  under  cultivation. 

Northern  Texas  has  two  immense  belts  of  woodland, 
each  about  45  miles  wide,  and  extending  southward 
from  1 50  to  200  miles. 

The  climate  of  Texas  varies  from  semi-tropical  to 
moderately  temperate.  Mining  and  manufacturing  are 
destined  to  be  carried  on,  on  a  great  scale  in  Texas.  The 
whole  State  west  of  the  meridian  of  San  Antonio  is 
full  of  mineral  wealth.  Coal  mines  anti  salt  mines  are 
now  worked  to  a  considerable  extent,  but  only  because 
there  is  an  imperative  demand  for  these  products. 
Soapstone,  marble,  slate  and  gypsum  will  be  largely 
exported. — "Our  Western  Empire,"  page  1 1  20  et  seq. 
The  mining  and  manufacturing  indusLries  are  estimated 
at  about  ^75,000,000.  The  agricultural  products  arc 
about  ^250,000,000,  and  of  course  in  a  State  capable 
of  supplying  the  world  with  grain,  meat  and  cotton  could 
be  very  much  increased. 


iO 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA. 


'Jlie  railroad  mileage  of  Texas  increased  from  307 
in  1S60,  to  8350  miles  in  1S87. 

CALIFORNIA. 


^ 
$ 


The  area  of  California  is  188,981  square  miles,  equal 
to  the  combined  area  of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Penn- 
sylvania, Ohio  and  Michigan.  Of  this  area  about  65,- 
000,000  acres  are  arable,  40,000.000  acres  are  grazing 
lands,  and  about  8,000,000  acres  of  forest.  At  the 
Monte  Diablo  Mines,  in  Contra  Costa  county,  nearly 
east  of  San  Francisco  and  in  Mendocino  county,  coal 
crops  out  in  extensive  beds,  and  has  been  worked  for 
many  years  at  the  rate  of  1 50.000  tons  a  year.  In  18S0 
236,000  tons  were  mined.  Gold  is  found  pure,  in  scales, 
in  line  dust,  innuggets.  in  crystals,  and  in  combination 
with  copper,  silver,  leaf  zinc,  and  a  dozen  other  metal 
ores;  in  18  or  more  counties  of  the  State,  silver  is  found 
native,  in  combination  with  lead,  copper,  iron,  sulphur, 
and  other  metal  ores.  Copper  is  found  native,  in  com- 
bination with  a  number  of  metal  ores. 

Mercury  or  quicksilver  is  found,  there  being  over 
sixty  mines  of  quicksilver  in  the  State.  Diamonds, 
known  as  California  diamonds  in  the  jewelry  trade,  are 
found  in  many  localities.  The  fisheries  of  the  Califor- 
nia coast  are  valuable,  there  being  about  240  species, 
and  60  species  of  mollusks.  The  average  winter  and 
summer  temperature  at  San  Francisco  is  between  50 
and  60  Fahrenheit.  Snow  rarely  reaches  the  level  of 
the  sea.  Winter  consists  of  a  few  Ihrht  frosts,  with  the 
thermometer  at  between  28  and  32  F"ahrenheit  for  a  few 
hours  during  the  night,  while  in  summer  the  number  of 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA. 


I  I 


liot  days  on  which  the  thermometer  reaches  80  or  more, 
rarely  exceeds  eight  or  ten.  The  average  winter  ch- 
mate  of  the  great  interior  valley  is  lower  than  that  of 
corresponding  pordons  of  the  coast,  although  tl>e  min- 
imum is  litde,  if  at  all,  below  that  of  the  latter.  Sub- 
tropical plants,  therefore,  winter  there  almost  as  readily 
as  on  the  coast.  In  summer,  however,  the  average 
temperature  is  high,  often  remaining  above  100  Fah- 
renheit for  many  days,  the  nights  also  being  very  warm. 
At  the  same  time,  however,  the  air  is  so  dry  as  to  ren- 
der the  heat  much  less  oppressive  than  is  the  case  east 
of  the  mountains,  sunstroke  being  almost  unknown. 

The  essential  feature  of  the  climate  of  the  Great 
Valley  may  be  said  to  extend  2000  feet  up  the  slope  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada  range.  Higlier  up  snow  falls  and 
lies  in  winter,  and  the  summers  are  cool ;  thunder  storms 
occur,  which  are  almost  unknown  on  the  coast  and  in 
the  valley.  Akhough  very  rich  in  precious  metals  yet 
California's  great  gold  mines  are  in  her  vast  wheat  fields. 
In  the  markets  of  the  world  the  wheats  of  the  Pacific 
Coast  are  noted  for  their  higher  quality,  the  plumpness 
and  light  color  of  the  berr)',  and  the  higher  percentage 
of  first-class  tlour  it  furnishes  in  milling.  The  yield  of 
forty  to  sixty  bushels,  and  even  more  to  the  acre,  under 
very  imperfect  tillage,  for  a  number  of  consecutive  years, 
forms  a  strong  proof  of  the  producing  power  of  the 
country,  and  a  strong  incendve  to  its  culture.  The 
wheats  of  Oregon,  especially  those  grown  on  die  plains 
of  Upper  Columbia,  so  closely  resemble  the  wheats  of 
California  that  millions  of  bushels  of  Oreoon  wheat 

o 

reach  the  eastern  markets  as  "California  wheat."  The 
preparation  of  the  ground  for  the  crop  on  the  large 


-JS*vHwj,*(ijJil>W. 


^H" 


^m 


12 


THE    DESTINY   OF    AMERICA. 


wheat  farms  is  usually  made  by  means  of  gang-plows 
with  from  two  to  six  sliears,  drawn  by  from  tliree  to 
five  horses  walking  abreast,  and  frequently  a  half  dozen 
of  these  plows  are  at  work  in  the  same  field,  followed 
by  a  wagon  carr}ang  the  grain  and  the  centrifugal  sower. 
The  harvesting  is  on  an  equally  large  scale:  great 
"headers"  are  pushed  into  the  golden  fields  by  from 
four  to  eight  horses.  Its  vibrating  headers  clip  off  the 
heads  on  a  swath  from  16  to  28  feet  wide,  while  a  re- 
volving apron  carries  the  golden  ears  to  a  wagon 
driven  alongside,  having  a  curious  wide  slanting  bed 
for  their  reception.  .Several-  of  these  wagons  drive 
back  and  forth  between  the  swaths  and  the  steam- 
thresher,  where,  within  an  hour,  the  grain  that  Avas 
waving  in  the  morning  breeze  may  be  sacked  ready 
for  shipment  to  Liverpool,  The  sugar-beet  and  hop- 
growing  industries  are  valuable.  The  fruit  culture  ot 
California  is  of  world-wide  reputation  and  needs  no 
comment.  Stock  raising  is  a  very  profitable  industry, 
although  of  course  secondary  to  agriculture  and  min- 
ing. The  mining  product  of  California  for  1879  was 
estimated  at  about  $182,000,000. 

Ocean  steamers  ply  between  San  Francisco  and 
Panama,  the  Sandwich  Islands,  Hong  Kong,  Yokohama, 
Sondi  America  ports,  Australia,  and  other  points.  The 
two  customs  districts  of  San  P'rancisco  and  San  Diego 
stand  third  in  the  United  States  in  the  amount  of  their 
imports,  which  in  1879  were  $36,105,639,  and  sixth  in 
the  amount  of  their  exports,  which  were  the  same  year 
$4,1 1 7,886.  A  large  number  of  vessels,  exact  number 
and  tonnage  not  known,  but  certainly  not  over  1000,  are 
engaged  in  the  coastwise  trade. — "  Our  Western  Em- 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERFCA. 


13 


pire,"  page  551.  Tlie  greatest  commerce  of  the  State 
is  conducted  over  her  railways,  which  increased  from 
23  miles  in  i860  to  3667  miles  in  1887,  of  which  no 
definite  figur.es  are  at  hand  for  the  present  year,  but  in 
1887  it  was  about  2,000,000  tons,  ,the  freight  of  which 
amounted  to  about  $12,000,000. 


DAKOTA. 


Dakota  has  an  area  of  150,932  square  miles,  being 
about  four  times  as  large  as  the  State  of  Ohio,  and 
three  times  as  large  as  New  York.  Dakota  has  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Missouri  River  at  least  60,000  square 
miles  of  land  fit  for  the  plow.  In  about  100,000  square 
miles  of  this  Territory,  wheat  can  be  produced  more 
cheaply  and  to  a  greater  profit  than  anywhere  else, 
because  the  soil  is  admirably'adapted  to  its  production ; 
the  rainfall  is  in  the  months  of  May,  June  and  July,  just 
when  it  is  needed;  there  is  very  little  in  August  and 
September,  when  the  harvesting  is  being  done:  the 
days  are  hot  and  the  nights  cool,  and  consequently 
rust,  blight,  mildew  and  sprouting  of  grain  in  the  shock 
are  almost  unknown;  and,  because  of  the  nearness  of 
this  section  to  the  markets  of  the  world,  it  is  only  250 
miles  from  the  Red  River  to  Lake  Superior. 

Farming  in  Dakota  is  conducted  on  a  gigantic  scale, 
and  as  systematically  as  manufacturing. 

Mr.  Dalrymple,  known  as  the  "boss  granger"  of  the 
region,  has  a  farm  of  37.500  acres  on  which  is  a  wheat 
field  of  20,000  acres,  the  yield  of  which  in  1879  was 
about  500,000  bushels  of  wheat.  On  this  farm  400 
men  are  employed  in  harvesting,  and   500  to  6f.x>  in 


mmmmmmmmm 


■Ml 


1^: 
It? 


H 


THE    DESTINV    t'F    AMERICA. 


threshing.  They  use  250  pairs  of  horses.  200  gang 
plows,  1 1 5  seh-binders,  and  20  steam  threshers.  The 
men,  animals  and  machinery  are  organized  into  separate 
divisions  with  a  superintendent  for  each.  Nothing- 
could  be  grander  than  a  sight  of  these  immense  wheat 
fields,  stretching  away  farther  than  the  eye  can  reach, 
in  one  unbroken  golden  sea,  while  a  long  procession  of 
reaping  machines  in  echelon,  like  a  battery  of  artillery, 
moves  steadilv  against  die  thick-set  ranks  of  grain. 
Travelling  together,  these  115  machines  would  cut  a 
swath  one-fifth  of  a  mile  wide  and  twenty  miles  long  in 
a  day. 

Dakota  contains  about  151,000  square  miles,  which 
is  nearly  all  prairie.  The  Black  Hills  are  remarkably 
rich  in  minerals,  gold  being  very  abundant,  very  rich 
copper-ore,  coal  in  great  quantises,  petroleum  of  t>x- 
cellent  quality  and  inexhaustible  supply,  and  salt  de- 
posits. The  foot-hills  are  covered  with  the  richest  and 
most  nutritious  grasses,  cattle  roam  over  them  the  year 
round  without  shelter,  and  stock-raising  is  one  of  the 
most  important  industries  in  the  region.  The  arable 
lands  in  the  Black  Hills  are  from  500  to  600  square 
miles  in  extent,  and  consist  of  bottom  lands  along  the 
streams  and  prairie  and  lower  slopes  of  j:he  foot-hills 
beiween  the  water-courses,  and  arc  of  marvelous  rich- 
ness. The  yield  of  the  Black  Hills  mines  in  1880  was 
j,6,ooo,ooo;  the  fine  water  powers  in  the  vicinity  and 
the  coal  mines  which  are  readily  accessible,  as  well  as 
the  large  deposits  of  copper,  lead  and  iron  which  are 
awaiting  development,  must  ere  long  make  it  an  im- 
portant manufacturing  region ;  and  in  a  few  years  we 
may  expect  to  see  the  immense  quandties  of  mining 


THK    DKS  riNY    OF    AMERICA.  1  5 

and  agricultural  machinery  which  arc  needed,  as  well 
as  the  manifold  manufactures  of  wool  and  iron  which 
are  needed  diere,  produced  on  the  spot,  instead  of  be- 
ing-, as  now,  brought  from  Chicago. — "Our  Western 
Empire,"  Page  721.  The  railway  mileage  of  Dakota 
increased  from  65  miles  in  1870  to  1440  miles  in  1887. 

MINNESOTA. 

The  area  of  Minnesota  f§  83,531  square  miles,  about 
54,000,000  square  acres,  of  which  about  3,000.000  acres 
is  water  surface,  there  being  upwards  of  7000  lakes. 
The  "  Big  Woods,"  composed  of  a  dense  and  magnifi- 
cent growtli  of  hardwood  over  one  hundred  miles  in 
length,  and  of  an  average  width  exceeding  forty  miles, 
comprises  an  area  of  50,000  square  miles.  In  the 
northeast  part  of  the  State  there  are  256,000  acres  of 
cranberry  marsh.  The  mean  average  temperature  ot 
the  State  is  about  44  Fahrenheit.  The  air  is  very  dry 
and  bracinor.  The  rainfall,  like  that  of  Dakota,  is  in 
the  three  months  when  it  is  most  needed.  The  climate 
is  heakhful  and  the  death-rate  low.  Minnesota  has 
2,796  miles  of  shore  line  of  navigable  waters.  In  -Jan- 
uary 1880  there  was  no  town  in  the  State  which  was 
more  than  25  miles  from  a  railway  station  ;  it  must  be 
remembered  -that  all  these  railway  lines  have  been 
built  since  1862,  as  at  the  end  of  1862  there  were  only 
ten  miles  of  railway  in  the  State.  There  are  about 
40,000,000  acres  of  arable  land,  which  are  believed  to 
be  very  fertile.  The  nordiern  counties  are  adajjted  to 
sustain  vast  herds,  Minnesota  is  a  great  dairy-farm- 
ing State.     Few  States  equal  it  in  manufacturingxapa- 


Ji 


^ 


i6 


THi:    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA. 


cities.  The  Mississippi  Icnd.s*  the  State  one  thousand 
miles  of  shore  Hne.  half  of  which  it  contributes  to  pur- 
poses of  manufacturing.^  Pokegama  Fails,  Little  Falls, 
Sauk  Rapids,  and  St.  Anthony  F'alls,  form  extensive 
and  valuable  water-powers.  St.  Anthony  Falls,  on 
which  Minneapolis  is  situated,  forms  one  of  the  most 
ma«fnificent  natural  seats  of  manufactories  in  the  coun- 
try.  The  St.  Louis  river  descends  to  the  level  of  Lake 
Superior  through  a  series  of  jagged  falls  of  incalculable 
power.  Fergus  F'alls,  on  Red  River,  the  several  falls 
on  the  Zimboo,  on  Cannon  Root,  Cottonwood,  Red 
wood,  and  other  streams,  exhibit  the  distribution  of 
water  power  throughout  the  State.  Considering  its 
vastness  and  diffusion,  *"he  capacity  of  the  surrounding 
country  for  feeding  it  with  raw  material,  and  the  illimi- 
table field  for  the  consumption  of  the  products,  it  is 
difficult  to  limit  the  progress  of  industrial  products,  which 
may  be  reasonably  expected  of  the  future.  The  lead- 
ing staples  of  manufacturing  industry  in  Minnesota  are 
flour  and  lumber — one  the  manufactured  product  of  its 
vast  areas  of  fertile  soil,  the  other  of  the  pine  forests 
which  cover  a  large  part  of  northeastern  Minnesota. 

Minneapolis  had  in  i8So  more  than  20saw  mills,  which 
produced  165,000.000  feet  of  lumber,  besides  lath  and 
shingles;  and  27  flour  mills,  which  produced  5,250,000 
barrels.  The  number  of  saw  mills  in  the  State  in  1880 
was  about  200,  with  a  producing  power  of  about  1,000,- 
000,000  feet.  The  total  flour  production  of  the  .State 
was  in  1878  over  10.000,000  barrels  per  annum.  There 
are  a  number  of  iron  works,  and  several  boiler,  stove, 
harvester,  plow,  and  other  agricultural  machine  fac- 
tories, woolen  mills,  cotton  mills,  paper  mills  and  about 


1.3 


■^' 


THE    DESTIXy    OF    AMERICA.  17 

25  or  30  Other  mills  and  factories  of  various  kinds. 
—"Our  Western  Empire,"  page  406.  The  railway 
mileage  of  the  .State  Increased  from  nothing  in  1850  to 
5019  in  1887. 


WYOMING. 

Wyoming  has  an  area  of  97,883  square  miles.    There 
are  extensive  coal  beds  along  and  near  the  Union  Pa- 
cific.    The  consumption  of  Wyoming  coal  in  1876  was 
524,000    tons,  and   has    since    increased.     Petroleum 
springs  are  numerous  throughout  the  territory.      Gold 
and  silver  are  found  at  many  points,     .Several  ores  of 
iron  occur   in    immense  quantities.     About  60   miles 
north  of  Rawlins  there  are  two  soda  lakes,  estimated 
to  contain   125,000  tons  of  carbonate  of  soda  of  great 
purity.     Sulphur  deposits  and  sulphur  springs  occair  at 
many  points.     There  are  6,000,000  acres  of  farming 
land  and  about  35  milh'on  acres  of  grazing  land.     The 
mountains  are  clothed  with  a  thick  growth  of  pine, 
spruce  and  hemlock  trees  of  large  size.     Numbers  of 
other  varieties  of  wood  abound.     The  mining  products 
in  1879  were  estimated  to  be  about  four  millions  of  dol- 
lars.    The  manufacturing  industries  in  1877,  though  in 
their  infancy  were  computed  to  be  worth  about  four'mill- 
ions  of  dollars. — "Our  Western  Empire,"  page  121 3. 

Y/ASHINGTOK  TERRITORY. 

Washington  Territory  has  ah  area  of  69,994  square 
miles. 

Puget  Sound,   the   Mediten-anean   of  the  Western 

Continent,  extends  from  the  British  line  on  die  Nordi 


i 


i8 


fllR    DF.STTNV    OF    AMERICA. 


to  Olympiji  <m  thn  South.  It  has  a  coast  line  (in  the 
Territory)  of  iffj/\  miles,  and  its  area  within  the  limits 
of  the  lernit/fyr/  h  over  2,000,000  square  miles.  The 
countr)'  by  %hir-h  these  waters  are  surrounded  is  re- 
markably ^iSuihrrous,  and  offers  every  advantage  for 
the  accomni<>'btion  of  a  vast  commercial  and  military 
marine,  with  a>nvenience  for  docks,  and  a  great  many 
sites  for  town •+ and  cities,  at  all  times  well  supplied 
with  water  nml  capalAc  of  being  well  provided  with 
everything  I/)'  the  surrounding  country,  which  is  well 
adapted  for  agrta>Iture.  Ihe  foot-hills  and  slopes  of 
the  mount'iijjf;  ^-n  ^W)th  sides  are  almost  wholly  covered 
with  immenvt  forests  of  fir  and  cedar,  reaching  the 
ver)'  summit*  fy(  the  mf)untains.  Gold  has  been  dis- 
covered. 'IT^i*:  greatest  mineral  wealth  of  the  Territory 
is  in  its  extefJMV^r  coal  beds,  which  are  of  excellent  qual- 
ity. The  climatfc  js  exceptionally  agre(;able,  healthful 
and  pro(iu«;t<v*r,  the  temperature  rarely  going  higher 
than  95  in  th/^^wmmer,  or  lower  than  25  in  the  winter. 

The  sfAl  h  qu'tck,  light  and  friable,  and  yields  aston- 
ishing crop,  of  bay,  grain,  hops,  fruits  and  vegetables. 
The  river  hr^ttf/m  lands  will  yield  an  average  of  from 
40  to  60  b'jVW<*  of  wheat  per  acre.  The  fir  timber  of 
Washington  Territory  finds  a  market  in  every  country 
of  the  worid.  Trees  often  grow  to  the  height  of  300 
feet.  In  fiUbtftrn  Washington  the  climate  is  most  favor- 
able to  health,  the  soil  yields  the  largest  average  re- 
turns of  wb'iit,  droiight  is  unknown,  the  crops  never 
fail,  and  Hut  aftlmate  capacity  for  the  production  of 
cereals  of  xh*.  htghest  grade  has  been  estimated  as  high 
as  I  sOjOOCorxs  htrshels  per  annum. 

Mr.  PhJlij/  Hkz,  of  W'alla  Walla,  in  1869  wrote:     "I 


w 


TIM.    UF.STINY    Ol'    AMI.klCA. 


19 


have  seen  large  fields  of  wh(;at  average  fifty-six  bushels 
to  the  acre,  and  weigh  sixty- two  pounds  to  the  bushel, 
and  have  seen  fields  which  yield  forty  to  fifty  biisht;ls 
per  acre  from  a  volunteer  crop;  that  is,  produced  the 
second  year  from  grains  scatt'-red  out  during  harvest, 
sprouting  during  die  fall,  anrl  growing  without  even 
harrowing."  The  net  cash  value  of  the  wheat  crop  of 
1880  was  ^9,000,000.  In  addition  to  wheat  there  have 
been  large  exports  of  other  cereals,  wool,  flour,  and  live 
stock.  Large  shipments  of  Hour  have  been  made  from 
Walla  Walla  direct  to  Liverpor^l.  The  export  of  coal 
in  1880  was  190,000  tons.  The  production  of  manu- 
factured goods  in  1880  was  about  $8,000,000. — "Our 
Western  Empire,"  page  11 89. 

Having  thus  glanced  at  a  few  of  the  more  promising 
Western  and  .Soudiern  .Stiites  and  Territories  of  "Our 
Union,"  let  us  take  a  brie*f  glance  at  riit^se  states  as  an 
afrereo:ate,  or  the  "Union"  itself 

The  Uniteil  Stiites  [>roduces  fully  onedialf  of  the 
world's  supply  of  gold  and  silver.  In  mineral  wealth 
it  is  almost  inexhaustibly  rich.  We  have  iron  ore  in  a 
majority  of  all  die  st;it«;s  (in  rvery  state  west  of  the 
Mississippi  except  one),  and  we  have  more  coal  than 
all  the  other  countries  of  the  world  put  together,  except 
Canada;  lead  is  found  in  a  majority  of  the  States  (in 
every  State  west  of  the  Mississippi  except  three);  cop- 
per is  found  in  every  .State  w(;st  of  the  Mississippi  except 
two,  and  in  some  east  of  it;  tin  in  sufficient  quantities 
to  supply  the  world  only  awaits  development;  incalcul- 
able deposits  of  slate;  fleposits  of  sulphur  and  borax 
almost  chemically  [>ure;  marble  oi'  every  hue  and  finest 
equality;  cotton  in  nearly  every  .southern  state — to  go 


i. 


20 


THE    DESTINV   OF    AMKKU.'A. 


throuejh  the  list  woul<l  only  Yx-.  tin.'somc.  Tlicre  are 
over  twenty  states  whK:h  would  supply  tlu-  world  with 
Iron;  two  mountains,  "Iron  Mountain  and  Pilot  Knoh," 
are  estimated  to  contain  5oo,or>o,rxx»  tons  of  iron-ore; 
it  is  probably  not  generally  known  that  Texas  has  vast 
(quantities  of  the  finest  ore  in  the  world.  The  section 
of  the  countr)  west  of  the  Mississippi  has  vast  wheat 
fields;  vast  timber  lands  ecjual  in  area  to  a  dozen  of  the 
larger  states. 

We  have  almost  continguous  to  one  another  the  raw 
material  for  every  variety  of  manufacture,  and  die 
means  of  converting  that  raw  material  into  the  finished 
article;  we  have  the  best  and  most  inventive  r)peratives 
in  the  world;  any  one  walkinj,^  through  the  Patent 
Office  in  our  national  capital  might  almost  be  justified 
in  thinkincr  this  a  nation  of  inventors. 

Electricity  is  to  be  the  prime  motive  power  in  the 
world.  The  Americans  as  ele'ctricians  are  unexcelled, 
unequaled  even,  by  any  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  globe. 
At  the  International  Klectrical  Mxjiosition  in  Paris,  there 
were  five  gold  medals  awardc'd  for  the  greatest  inven- 
tions, and  just  five  of  iJiose  medals  came  to  this  country. 
In  connection  with  the  fact  that  electricity  is  to  be  the 
j^rime  motive  power  of  the  world,  and  that  Americans 
are  the  leading  electricians  of  th(;  world,  is  the  further 
significant  fact  that  history  has  yet  to  record  where  the 
Anglo-American  has  ever  failed  in  his  undertaking. 
In  our  estimation  of  the  results  to  be  accom[)lished  by 
Americans,  these  facts  are  worthy  of  weighty  consider- 
ation. 

In  the  manufacture  of  tools  and  mechanical  appli- 
ances of  all  sorts,  Americans  are  without  any  peers  on 


TIM';    KI'.SIINV    i)l'    AMKKHA. 


31 


carlh,  thus  makln^^  them  as  a  class,  the  best  mechanics 
on  the  ^;I()Ik-. 

Ihjii.  VVm.  McKinley,  Jr.,  in  a  recent  speech  said: 
"We  (.-ntcretl  ii[joii  the  memorial  year  iS6i,  without  a 
{jrolectivc  tariff,  and  therefore,  and  loj^ncally,  vviihoiit 
money  and  without  credit.  'I"en  millions  of  "our  citi- 
zens were  engaged  against  Federal  authority,  resolved 
to  destroy  the  Union.  The  four  /ears  followinj.^  were 
years  of  drain  and  destruction — tlrain  (jf  the  National 
substance,  and  destruction  of  the  property  of  the  peo 
pie.  We  C(|uipped  and  supported  great  armies,  built 
a  larj^-e  navy,  paid  high  premiums  for  loans,  and  sub- 
mitted o  almost  ruinous  discounts  upon  oiir  .National 
bonds.  The  Union  was  happily  restored,  more  than 
one  half  of  the  great  war  debt  has  l)een  j)aid,  and  the 
basis  for  our  iN'ational  and  indiviilual  (obligations  has 
been  made  the  "coin  of  the  realm." 

"At  the  i^nd  of  28  years  we  have  a  surplus  wiiich 
compels  us  to  Iniy  bonds  at  a  premium — bonds  um  yet 
due  and  payable — and  to-day  have  a  credit  higher  than 
ever  lefore  in  our  historyand  second  to  noiuj  among 
the  nations  of  the  world.  Hisior)-  presents  no  such 
progress  elsewhere.  The  vast  pidjlic  ilebt  has  uotonK 
been  reduced,  1)ut  we  have  reduced  taxation.  We  have 
reduced  tiixadon  over  5^^360,000,000  annualh'.  In  1858 
the  ordinary  revenues  were  $46,655,000;  the  ordinary 
(-•xpcnditures  $72,291,000 — a  deficit  of  over  $2  5,o<:xj,- 
000.  In  1859  the  ordinary  revenues  were  $53,486,000, 
the  ordinary  expenditures  $66,327,000 — a  <ieficit  of 
$13,00x3,000.  In  i860  die  ordinary  revenues  were 
$56,654,0003,  the  ordinary  expenditures  $60.010,000, — 
a  deficit  of  4,000,000,     In  the  year  ending  June  30, 


22 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA. 


1.S61,  the  ordinal-)'  revenues  of  the  government  were 
$41,476,000;  the  ordinary  expenditures  $62,537,000, — 
a  deficit  of  $2i,0(^v:,ooo;  in  the  four  years  a  grand  total 
of  about  $60,000,000,  expended  in  the  excess  of  the  re- 
ceipts of  the  government.     (American  Economist,  Vol. 

nip.  51.) 

To  this  must  be  added  the  cost  of  the  war  for  four 
years  following,  amounting  in  round  numbers  to  $6,- 
ooo,OtX),ooc,  and  devastation  of  crops,  buildings,  rail- 
way propert)",  &c. 

No  computation  cai]  be  made  of  the  loss  to  the  State 
by  the  witlulrawal  of  millions  of  men  from  the  peaceful 
pursuits  ot  production  for  the  space  of  four  or  five 
years,  am!  of  hundreds  of  thousands  forever.  And 
even  of  those  who  were  producing,  their  products  were 
sent  to  the  front  to  carry  on  the  work  of  destruction. 
When  we  rellect  that  more  than  one-half  of  the  war 
debt  has  been  liquidated,  and,  while  paying  out  annu- 
ally to  the  maimed  and  wounded  survivors  of  that  war, 
and  the  widows  and  orphans  of  our  heroic  dead,  about 
.S>85,ooo,ooo  (or  more  than  tlie  total  expenditures  of  the 
(Government  before  the  war)  in  addition  to  the  ordi- 
nary expenditures,  we  still  have  an  income  cf  about 
$50,000,000  in  excess  of  all  our  oljligations,  emd  that 
within  the  short  space  of  a  quarter  of  a  century,  some 
slight  idea  of  die  magnitude  of  the  achievement  can  be 
obtained.     Wliat  does  this  argue  for  the  future? 

Mr.  McKinlcy,  continuing,  says:  "In  1865,  when  the 
war  closed,  die  value  of  our  exports  and  imports  was 
$404,774,883,  and  in  1888  their  value  was  $1,419,911,- 
cx)o,  an  increase  of  over  200  per  cent."  "Our  coast- 
wise trade  is  more  than  three  times  as  large  as  the 


THE    DESTINY   OF    AMERICA.  23 

home  fleet  of  Great  Britain,  and  more  tlian  five  times 
as  large  as  that  of  any  other  nation."  "The  mining-  of 
coal  has  increased  from  16,000.000  tons  in  1S61,  to 
90,000,000  tons  in  1887;  we  had  35,000  miles  of  rail- 
road in  1865,  we  have  now  150,000  miles."  "Instead 
of  moving  70,000,000  tons  we  are  moving  annually 
552,000,000  tons  while  the  value  of  that  tonnage  has 
increased  from  ^2,213,400,000,  in  1865,  to  $13,222,- 
000,000  in  1887."  "Nearly  4oo,0v00  persons  are  en- 
gaged in  the  metal  industries,  as  against  53,000  in 
i860;  200,000  persons  are  engaged  in  our  woolen 
and  worsted  industries,  as  against  60,000  in  i860; 
350,000  persons  are  employed  in  the  wool  industries, 
as  against  130,000  in  i860."  "Since  1861  there  have 
been  established  not  less  than  770,000  homes,  with  an 
cultivated  lands  equal  to  all  New  England,  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland  and  Delaware 
combined." 

"We  have  become  the  greatest  manufacturing  coun- 
try in  the  world.  In  literature,  art  and  science,  we  have 
kept  pace  with,  if  we  have  not  led  all  other  peoples." 
(American  Economist,  Vol,  III.  p.  51.) 

Immigration  to  the  United  States  In  18S8  was  546- 
889:  the  total  value  of  export  and  import  merchandise 
to  and  from  all  countries  was  $1,430,000,000. 

The  public  debt,  principal  and  interest,  in  1888  was 
$1,691,000,000.  -The  public  debt  less  cash  in  the 
treasury  and  available  cash  items  in  1888,  was  $1,148- 
500,000.  The  total  revenues  for  188S  were  $380,000,- 
000;  total  expenditures,  $312,000,000. 

The  present  population  of  the  United  States  is  esti- 
mated at    65,000,000,  and    will  be    twenty-five  years 


/ 


24 


THE    DES7IXV    OF    AMERICA. 


hence,  at  the  present  rate  of  increase,  i  25,000,000,  and 
about  700,000,000  one  hundred  years  hence  (1989). 
This  people  carried  on  one  of  the  costHest  wars  knov;n 
to  history.  For  four  yeaj^s  3,500,000  men  were  ac- 
tively cngai^ed  in  destroying  one  another.  Battles 
were  fought  which  for  tenacious  and  persistent  effort 
of  the  opposing  forces  to  kill  one  another — dogged, 
fixed,  determination  to  fight  on  until  victory  crowned 
their  efforts,  in  the  face  of  repeated  defeats  month  after 
months — have  no  parallel  in  military  history,  battles 
such  as  could  only  have  been  fought  by  men  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  race. 

This  is  another  important  point  to  be  remembered 
and  considered  in  our  estimation  of  the  place  to  be  oc- 
cupied by  the  Anglo-American  race  of  the  future. 

Notwithstanding  this  four  years  of  drain  and  destruc- 
tion, the  wealth  of  this  people  to-day  (little  more  than 
a  quarter  of  a  century  later)  is  somediing  phenomenal, 
being  about  ;«;5o,ooo,ooo,ooo.  Enough  to  buy  a  half 
dozen  of  the  empires  of  Europe,  together  with  Africa, 
and  South  America,  with  all  their  contents — lands,  ships, 
buildings,  jewels,  &c.  It  is  exceedingh-  difficult  to  real- 
ize that  this  nation  which  is  scarce  a  century'  old  is  far 
and  away  richer  than  any  of  the  odier  nations,  though 
these  others  have  been  many  centuries  accumulating 
their  wealth. 

The  South  is  destined  in  the  near  future  to  become 
a  great-manufacturing  centre;  Avithin  the  range  of  vi- 
sion from  the  crest  of  Lookout  Mountain  nearly  a 
million  tons  of  pig  iron  were  produced  in  1S87,  and 
this  is  only  one  illustration  out  of  very  many. 

Southern  iron  is  being  marketed  in  sufficient  quan- 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA. 


25 


tities  to  depress  the  prices  of  the  prothicts  of  eastern 
iurnaces. 

Seaport  towns  refuse  to  believe  that  the  Suez  Canal 
Is  secondary  to  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie  Canal  in  point  of 
tonnage,  or  that  more  passengers  or  more  tons  of  freight 
pass  Detroit  in  a  day  during  the  shipping  season  than 
any  other  strait  in  the  world.  The  ore  out-put  for  1 888, 
from  the  Lake  Superior  mines  was  5,000.000  tons,  of 
which  all  but  about  400,000  tons  was  shipped  by  lake. 
The  output  for  1889  Is  expected  to  be  even  greater. 
In  the  summer  of  1888,  the  schooner  "Governor  Ames" 
was  built  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  and  was  supposed  to 
be  the  largest  sail  vessel  in  the  world.  But  the  "Golden 
Age  of  Milan"  of  the  Lake  Craft  outmeasures  her  by 
100  tons,  and  several  others  equal  her.  In  1882  the 
Globe  shipyard  of  Cleveland  turned  out  the  iron  pro- 
peller "Onoko,"  which  was  300  feet  long,  and  with  a 
carrying  capacity  of  3000  tons.  Vessels  aggregating 
100,000  tons,  with  an  average  carrying,  capacity  of 
2,500  tons,  were  turned  out  in  the  shipyards  on  the 
Lakes  in  1888,  and  there  are  now  on  the  stocks  65  ves- 
sels which  aggregate  even  greater  tonnage.  The  reason 
why  so  much  tonnage  Is  being  turned  out  on  the  lakes 
Is  because  the  lake  trade  Is  protected.  Not  only  is  it 
Impossible  for  an  American  to  buy  a  foreign  vessel  and 
run  her  between  American  lake  ports,  but  no  foreign 
vessel  can  carry  a  cargo  from  one  American  Lake 
port  to  another. 

We  have  practically  49  nations  with  free  commercial 
intercourse,  with  one  language,  one  currency,  one  in- 
terest, and  with  common  institutions  ;  whose  commerce 
amounts  to  ;^ 2 0,000,000,000  annually.     Cotton  Is  being 


26 


THE    DESTINV    OF    AMERICA. 


exported  at  the  rate  of  about  400,000  bales  a  month. 
The  merchandise  exports  for  one  month  in  1888  were 
about  $85,000,000, 

The  Americans  are  the  best  fed  and  die  best  clothed 
people  on  earth.  They  consume  more  meat  per  caput 
than  even  the  Englishman,  whose  gastronomic  perfor- 
mance in  that  line  is  historic;  in  the  matter  of  grain 
they  consume  twice  the  quantity  the  Englishman  does. 
England  to  carry  on  her  cotton  manufacture  must  go 
either  to  America,  India  or  Egypt  for  every  pound  of 
cotton  she  spins;  America  being  the  nearest  country, 
she  would  naturally  get  her  supply  there,  and  it  is 
3000  miles  away.  The  "New  South"  is  erecting  mills 
on  her  own  cotton  fields.  England  to  get  coal  to  carry 
on  her  manufactures  must  go  ever  deeper  in  already 
deep  coal  pits,  thus  increasing  die  cost;  while  in  this 
country  the  cost  is  lessening. 

In  the  foregoing  description  no  mention  has  been 
made  of  the  Territory  of  Alaska,  and  yet  it  is  too  im- 
portant a  territory  to  pass  by  without  brief  mention,  not- 
withstanding the  fact  that  Mr.  Walker  Blaine,  in  his  re- 
port oi  his  trip  through  the  countr}',  said,  "It  was  such 
an  inhospitable  country  that  neither  cattle,  grain  or 
vegetables  could  be  produced  there;  that  in  all  the  re- 
gion he  did  not  see  a  cow;  and  that  grain  and  vegeta- 
bles could  only  be  grown  in  isolated  and  widely  sepa- 
rated spots." 

Alaska  has  an  area  of  577,390  square  miles.  This  area, 
it  will  be  observed,  is  a  very  little  less  than  the  com- 
bined areas  of  Texas,  California  and  Dakota,  Alaska 
may  never  become  a  summer  resort,  but  it  is  destined 
to  play  a  very  important  part  in   the  history  of  this 


THE    DESTINY   OF    AMERICA. 


2/ 


country.  It  will  be  the  shipyard  of  the  world.  Iron 
exists  all  over  the  territory.  Yellow  cedar  or  camphor 
wood,  which  is  the  very  best  of  all  woods  for  ship- 
building, exists  in  the  greatest  profusion.  There  is 
also  a  great  variety  of  other  wood.  Coal  of  good 
quality  and  great  extent  exists  in  the  territory.  Very 
rich  copper-ore  is  found.  A  great  many  metals  and 
ores  are  found,  and  some  of  the  more  common  of  the 
precious  stones.  Gold  has  also  been  found  in  several 
places.  In  the  matter  of  fur.  a  large  part  of  the  world's 
supply  must  come  from  Alaska,  she  has  no  rival  on 
this  continent,  and  in  the  more  important  branches  no 
competitor  worthy  of  the  name  on  the  globe. 

Alaska  Is  also  destined  to  supply  the  world  with  fish. 
Its  waters  abound  in  halibut,  herring,  cod  and  salmon; 
indeed,  there  is  hardly  a  species  of  which  representa- 
tives cannot  be  found. 

The  fur  seal  fisheries  have  alone  repaid  the  total 
amount  of  the  price  paid  for  Alaska  ($7,200,000),  and  a 
profit  of  1 1  per  cent,  on  the  investment. 

We  have  ever>'thing  necessary  for  building  up  our 
mercantile  navy.  We  have  the  ship  and  lumber  yard 
of  the  world — Alaska;  we  have  iron  and  coal  in  al- 
most inexhaustible  supplies;  and  we  have  a  race  of 
the  most  skilled  mo^hanics  in  the  world.  All  that  is 
needed  is  the  adoption  by  this  Government  of  the 
patriotic  policies  of  other  Governments,  in  the  foster- 
ing of  their  shipping  industries,  and  we  will  .soon  be- 
come the  carriers  of  the  world.  In  181 5  we  were  do- 
if^.^95  per  cent,  of  our  own  carrying  trade;  in  1 888,  al- 
though the  carrying  trade  had  increased  in  volume 
many  fold,  we  were  doing  less  than  15  per  cent,  of  it. 


28 


THE    nE.STIN\'    OF    AMERICA. 


There  are  now  no  sufficient  causes  to  provoke 
another  civil  war.  There  may  be  temporary  discon- 
tent on  the  part  of  a  single  State,  from  some  real  or 
imag-inar)'  hardship;  but  the  great  mass  of  States  are 
so  bound  to  each  other  by  ties  financial,  commercial, 
charitable,  literar)-,  and  religious,  that  there  can  be  no 
general  movement  which  \v.juld  lead  to  a  civil  war. 

Europe  is  already  crowded,  and,  as  has  been  stated, 
at  the  present  rate  of  increase,  after  allowing  for  emi- 
gration, her  population  one  hundred  years  hence  (1989) 
will  be  550,000,000  (less  than  die  population  of  the 
United  States  at  the  same  time  by  one  hundred  and 
fifty  millions).  Europe  is  decreasing  in  wealth;  in 
England,  landed  property  is  mortgaged  to  65  per  cent, 
of  its  value.  The  total  indebtedness  of  continental 
F^urope  is  $20,168,475,675,  and  increasing.  The  lax 
collector  in  Italy  takes  nearly  one-diird  of  the  people's 
earnings.  England's  debt  is  attaining  such  vast  pro- 
portions that  slie  will  never  be  able  to  liquidate  and 
will  probably  repudiate  it:  this  is  true  of  nearly  all  the 
European  powers.  The  armies  and  navies  of  Europe 
on  a  "peace"  footing  consist  of  8,000,000  men,  with  a 
liability  of  14,000.000  more  being  called  out,  at  a  cost 
of  about  $13,000,000,000  annually;  to  this  is  to  be 
added  the  loss  to  the  industries  of  Europe  by  the  with- 
drawal of  such  a  vast  army  of  men  from  the  ranks  of 
labor  and  production.  The  total  cost  of  our  army  and 
Navy,  including  loss  to  the  State  in  the  producing  power 
of  soldiers  and  sailors,  is  considerably  less  than  $100,- 
000.000  annually.  Certain  European  writers,  Carlyle 
and  Macaulay  among  others,  predicted  of  this  country 
that  we  would  be  safe  enough  as  a  Nadon   until  our 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA. 


29 


public  lands  were  exhausted,  and  then  would  come  the 
strain  on,  and  test  of,  our  institutions.  It  is  estimated 
that  the  public  lands  will  be  entirely  exhausted  by  1920, 
or  possibly  sooner.  One  thing  is  absolutely  certain, 
that  the  destiny  of  this  country  will  be  moulded  and 
determined  by  the  law  makers  of  the  coming  quarter 
century. 

It  is  unquestionably  true  that  when  the  public  lands 
are  exhausted,  and  what  has  heretofore  been  a  panacea 
for  many  ills  no  longer  exists,  our  institutions  will  be 
given  an  opportunity  to  display  their  intrinsic  worth ;  but 
our  safety  will  not  so  much  lie  in  the  institudons  them- 
selves as  in  the  interpreters  of  diem,  hence  the  urgent 
necessity  of  the  coming  generation  being  fully  alive  to 
the  trials  and  dangers  ahead,  and  of  being  mentally 
equipped  to  grapple  with  die  arduous  questions  which 
must  inevitably  arise. 

There  are  grave  perils,  and  many  a  rock  ahead  01 
us  on  which  the  ship  of  State  may  easily  founder;  and 
we  never  at  any  time  in  the  past  had  greater  need  of 
steady  hands,  cool  brains,  sagacious  heads,  and  brave 
hearts  at  the  helm,  than  at  the  present. 

It  is  not  infallibly  certain,  so  far  as  human  knowledge 
goes,  that  this  Republic  will  surmount  the  many  obsta- 
cles in  its  path.  It  depends  very  materially  on  the 
courage,  sagacity,  and,  above  and  beyond  all,  the 
Christian  character  and  training  of  those  who  are  en- 
trusted with  the  reins  of  government,  as  to  whether  the 
ship  of  State  will  safely  avoid  the  many  and  treacherous 
shoals  which  have  destroyed  other  nations.  One  of  the 
surest  ways  to  founder  is  to  adopt  the  belief,  which 
seems  to  prevail  with  some,  that  the  country  is  destined 


30 


THE    DES'lINV    OF    AMERICA. 


r 


to  become  great  ancd  glorious;  using  the  word  destined 
in  a  fatalistic  sense,  and  seeming  to  think  that  we  the 
inhabitants  have  nothing  further  to  do  than  to  eat, 
drink,  and  be  merry,  and  permit  ourselves  the  greatest 
latitude  of  freedom  in  thought,  word  and  action,  while 
the  Lord  kindly  works  out  the  country's  salvation  for  us. 

The  perils  before  us  are  many  and  grave.  We  are 
in  danger  of  mistaking  license  for  libert)';  in  danger  of 
degrading  the  grandest  right  of  man,  the  right  of  suf- 
fage  ;  in  danger  of  being  guilty  of  the  weakness  of  im- 
itation. Our  institutions  are  endangered  by  the  law- 
less hordes  poured  on  our  shores  under  the  guise  of 
immigration.  We  are  in  danger  of  sacrificing  our  in- 
tegrity, honesty  and  Christian  principles  in  our  haste 
to  be  rich;  the  Bible  gives  us  the  warning  that  "he 
that  is  in  haste  to  be  rich,  shall  not  be  innocent."  Our 
worst,  most  universal,  and  most  besetting  sin  is  our 
contemptuous  non-observance  of  the  Sabbath,  and  rig- 
idly excluding  God  from  all  commercial  aftairs.  In  our 
Western  cities  the  theatres,  saloons,  and  street  railways 
do  so  much  more  business  on  the  Sabbath,  that  the 
proprietors  thereof  always  make  extra  preparations  for 
that  day. 

To  know  an  evil  is  the  first  step  towards  eradicat- 
ing it. 

In  looking  over  the  history  of  the  world  we  find  that 
the  nations  which  perished  were  those  which  did  not 
know  God,  or  knowing  Him,  forgot  Him.  Remem- 
bering this  fact,  when  we  turn  to  Duetoronomy,  "chap, 
viii.  verses  i8  and  19,  and  read,  "But  thou  shalt  remem- 
ber the  Lord  thy  God,  for  it  is  He  tliat  giveth  thee  power 
to   get  wealth,  that  He  may  establish  His  covenent 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA. 


31 


which  Me  sware  unto  thy  fathers  as  it  is  this  day.  And 
it  shall  bt%  if  thou  do  at  all  forget  the  Lord  thv  Cod, 
and  walk  after  other  gods,  and  serve  them,  and  worship 
them,  J  testify  against  you  this  day  that  ye  shall  surely 
perish."  We  find  a  clear  injunction  and  a  clear  promise. 
Construing  this  passage  on  the  theory  that  wliat  is  im- 
plied is  as  much  a  part  as  what  is  declared,  we  would 
have  as  its  corollary  that  if  we  do  not  forget  the  Lord, 
and  do  not  walk  after  or  serve  other  gods,  but  remem- 
ber Him  and  obey  His  behests  and  injuncdons,  we 
will  live  as  a  nation,  and  become  the  conservators,  of 
the  highest  type  of  human  freedom. 

WHAT  IS  CANADA? 

Professor  Ralph  W.  Thomas,  in  a  paper  read  be- 
fore the  Albany  Institute,  New  York,  says:  "Geogra- 
phical Canada  has  an  area  of  3,360,000  square  miles, 
about  equal  in  area  to  the  United  States.  The  basin 
of  Hudson's  Bay  alone  is  2,000,000  square  miles  in  ex- 
tent. Canada  is  forty  times  as  large  as  England, 
Scotland  and  Wales.  It  is  equal  to  three  British  In- 
dias;  it  is  fifteen  times  as  large  as  the  German  Em- 
pire. A  country  of  magnificent  areas;  of  unmeasured 
arable  plain  and  prairie;  of  mountains  rich  In  mineral 
wealth,  of  lacustrine  systems  that  dwarf  our  own;  of 
majestic  rivers  wholly  within  her  own  borders  measured 
upon  the  Missouri-Mississippi  scale:— this  is  Canada." 

Industrial  Canada  is  great  in  agriculture  and  min- 
erals. Ontario  raises  the  finest  barley  in  the  world, 
and  some  of  the  finest  draught  horses.  The  North- 
west includes  466,000  square  miles  of  the  wheat  fields 
of  the  world. 


^r 


32  THK   fyf/.TINY   OF   AMERICA, 

From  its  ahwdwrn  it  has  two  hours  more  claylij;!it 
than  other  wh<iat'5/'raring  regions  of  this  continent. 
This  means  two  hfmn  more  of  forcing  power  every 
day.     iManiiohacbim,*!  75,000,000  acres  of  wheat  fields. 

"The  Canadian  whi'jai  crop  for  the  first  ten  months 
of  1888,  was  valuft/J  at  f$,ocyj,ooo." 

"The  Nordiw<:ii>t  r^rj^ions  are  capable  of  supporting  a 
population  of  rrxiny  millions.  Alberta  is  the  ranch  of 
Canada;  its  clinxuiui  j*  so  mild,  on  account  of  the  warm 
currents  in  x}\it  tVifjc,  that  cattle  and  horses  roam 
over  the  pasture*  the  year  round,  and  are  found  in 
spring  to  be  in  g^xxl  condition  for  market.  The  Cana- 
dians exported  jjio/jOO/xx)  worth  of  cattle  during  the 
first  ten  montiis  of  J, ^^7." 

"All  these  advinfci^e^i  are  to  be  re-inforced  ])y 
transportation.  Iftf-.  Canada  Pacific  Railroad  is  a  fact, 
and  the  Hudson's  H'*iy  rrmtc  is  promised,  by  which  Win- 
nipeg is  brought  7?i2  miles  nearer  to  Liverpool;  and 
would  be  broug})t  2<  36  miles  nearer  to  China  and  Japan 
than  via  New  York  and  San  Francisco.  If  this  route 
succeeds,  Canada  will  hold  the  key  to  the  markets  of 
the  world.  CoaJ  *;:zhl%  throughout  Canada  in  abund- 
ance. The  entire;  a>stl  area  is  said  to  cover  97,000 
square  miles.  "  In  <>nc  copper  deposit  there  are  ridges 
miles  long  above?  tlie  ground.  The  "Calument  and 
Flecla"  vein  k  12  icjtl  thick;  the  "Canadian"  vien 
is  1000  feet  thick.  Tk:  Geological  Survey  has  located 
557  deposits  in  tl?c  l'!ast<:rn  townships  alone.  ** 

"Gold  and  siIv':r(»rXBt  in  ntmierous  quantities.  The 
principal  fields  are  Nova  Scotia  and  Bridsh  Columbia. 
In  the  latter  pr<>vi'aw,'$5o,ooo,ooo  have  been  taken  from 
the  ground  by  uji5nij>roved  methods,  and  this  seems  to 


11 


Tur:  i>i;sTiNv  cif  amekica. 


33 


point  to  vast  dtiposits  in  ilic  moiintriins.  In  Heaver 
Mine,  at  Port  Arthur,  diseovf-red  in  March  last,  there 
is  in  sight,  by  actual  measurements,  55^750,000  worth  of 
silver.  Like  bonanzas  have  been  reported  in  British 
Columbia.  Such  exposures  an;  unprecentlented.  Iron 
is  found  in  unlimited  ciuantities  and  of  the  best  grade. 
Near  Ottawa  there  is  a  hill  of  iron  estimated  to  contain 
100,000,000  tons.  The  railroad  up  the  Valley  of  the 
Trent  runs  through  a  continuous  iron  belt  for  150 
miles.  At  (ilasgow,  in  NoVa  .Scotia,  within  a  radius 
of  six  miles  there  is  f(nind  hundreds  of  tons  of  iron-ore 
of  the  best  (juality,  side  by  side  with  limestone  chemi- 
cally pure;  coke  in  seams  30  fe<;t  thick,  and  all  directly 
on  the  line  of  the  Inter-colonial  railway  and  within  six* 
miles  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  This  ore  could  be  put  on 
the  wharf  in  Boston  for  $1.50  per  ton,  which  to-day 
costs  $5.00  to  $6.00  per  ton.  The  Ontario  Government 
has  recently  sold  1 5o,(X>o  acres  of  land  at  $2.00  an  acre, 
covering  an  iron  belt  75  miles  across." 

"  Commercial  Canada  has  not  as  yet  accjuired  that 
prominence  which  might  be  exj^c.-ctcd  when  the  resources 
of  the  country  are  considered.  Yet,  in  her  Merchant 
Marine,  Canada  ranks  fourth  among  the  nations  of  the 
earth.  Commerce  is  now  being  fostered  by  the  Gov- 
ernment, and  in  1881,  the  American  trade  with  Canada 
amounted  to  $89,000,000.  The  Pacific  coast  is  already 
buying  300,000,000  tons  of  Canadian  coal  every  year 
in  spite  of  the  duty.  Our  manufacturers  are  compelled 
to  go  to  Malta  and  .Sj>ain  for  a  certain  grade  of  iron- 
ore,  when  it  exists  within  a  few  hours  ride  of  our  bor- 
ders. The  manufactures  of  this  country  are  deprived 
of  nickel,  which  could  be  used  in  many  ways,  were  it  not 


.VI 


THE    DESVINY    OF    AMFHICA. 


lor  ihc  hij4li  price  of  the  nv.-tal;  it  is  tlv  hrst  of  nil 
material  for  the  inakin<jf  of  ordnanr*-.  lint  tlicrc  are 
only  two  deposits  of  any  consetpience  in  the  world. 
One  is  within  a  few  miles  of  Detroit,  the  otivr  in  Kew 
Caledonia,  half  way  round  the  j^dobe," 

"We  hear  much  of  the  hij,di  price  of  liiniher,  and 
much  (A  the  destruction  of  our  forests.  Canadian  him- 
..»er  by  the  million  feet  is  annually  ;(oinj(  np  in  the  smoke 
of  forest  fires  or  rots  in  the  earth,  'j'e-n  millions  of 
acres  of  forests  exist  in  British  Columbia  alonr;." 

The  revenue  of  Canada  derived  from  all  sources,  for 
1887,  was  $35-754.933-  Tlie  expenditures  were  $35,- 
657.680.  The  public  debt  is  $274,187,626.  Poi)ulation 
a  little  over  4.500,000.  The  total  amount  of  exports 
was  $89,515,900  of  which  nearly  one-half  was  to  die 
United  States.  The  total  amount  of  imports  was 
$112,892,236,  of  which  nearly  one-half,  or  ;d)Out  $52,- 
000,000  was  from  the  United  .States;  exceedin^^  the 
import  trade  from  Cireat  Britain  byal>out  $6,rxx),ooo. 
Canada  has  a  total  railway  milea^'e-  of  12,332  miles. 
The  value  of  her  fisheries  is  about  $  1 9,ooo,ry)( x  Immi- 
gradon  to  Canada  in  1887  was  84,526. 

Time  was  when  the  Genesee  Valley  in  the  .State 
of  New  York  was  the  great  wheat  producing  region; 
so  much  as  that  Rochester  was  known  as  "I'lour  City." 
The  great  wheat  centre  has  steadily  moved  westward 
and  northward  to  the  border  line  be  ween  the  United 
.States  and  Canada,  until  it  is  no  •/  -naking  an  advance 
on  the  North  Pole,  and  we  hear  oi  wheat  b(.'ing  grown 
in  the  vicinity  of  Hudson's  iiay  Company's  stations,  for 
twenty  consecutive  years  without  rotation,  without  fer- 
tilization, and  anhually  producing  crops  averaging  30 


THE    DESTINY    (.)F    AMERICA. 


35 


bushels  U)  the  acn;.  The  writer  has  seen  in  the  Pem- 
bina nuHintain  rt'^Mon,  vq^etablcs,  such  as  potatoes, 
cabbage,  beets,  cKrc,  of  mammoth  size  and  th(;  finest 
f|uahty,  and  produced  in  such  jJroCusion  widuii  a  given 
space  as  to  be  ahviost  incredible.  Droughts  are  never 
feared  in  that  country,  because  nature  has  supjilied  it 
with  a  never-failing  spring;  long  ages  of  f:ontinuous 
cold  have  produced  a  frost  line  in  the  earth,  far  down 
b(;low  the  surface,  which,  being  thawed  out  during  the 
summer  months,  oozes  up  to  die  surface,  and  dnis  robs 
the  dry  season  of  its  terrors. 

Rf;rently  a  new  cotton  factory  has  been  established, 
in  Beau  1  larnois.  Quebec,  for  the  express  purpose  of 
manufacturing  cotton  to  be  sent  to  China, — diat  unlim- 
ited   market.     This   is    significant  of  two  facts, that 

China  is  beginning  to  feel  the  wants  of  civilizfnl  coun- 
tries, a  step  towards  the  Christianizing  of  that  country, 
and  that  Canadian  commerce  is  taking  great  strides 
forward. 

Some  idea  of  Canada's  vastness  may  be  gathered 
fn.m  the  size  of  her  rivers  and  lakes.  The  St.  John  in 
New  lirunswick  is  500  miles  long.  The  St.  Lawrence 
is  750  miles  long  and  is  entirely  navigable.  'I'he  Ottawa 
is  550  miles  long.  The  Assinnboin  is  48(.)  mih.-s  lon<'; 
the  Red  River  of  the  North  500;  the  Saskatchewan, 
called  the  "Gateway  of  the  Nordiwest,"  is  1500  miles 
long  and  nearly  enj;irely  navigable;  the  Mackenzie  is 
navigable  for  2500  miles;  the  Frazier,  Thomj)son,  Ath- 
abasca and  Winnipeg  are  large  rivers.  Lake  Winni- 
peg is  about  the  same  size  as  Lake  Superior;  Lake  of 
the  Woods,  Great  Slave  Lake,  Great  Bear  Lakes,  are 
all  large.     Ontario — the  garden  .spot  of  Canada — has 


\. 


26  THE    DESTINY   OF    AMERICA. 

a  tertile  soil  invigorating  clmate,  vast  forests  of  mer- 
chantable timber,  treasures  of  mineral  wealth,  and  water 
power  of  limitless  capacity.  It  lias  extensive  areas 
which  grow  a  better  sample  and  a  larger  yield  of  the 
staple  cereals  than  any  other  portion  of  the  continent. 

Another  authority  says:  "Ontario  possesses  a  fertil- 
ity' with  which  no  part  of  New  England  can  at  all  com- 
pare; and  that  particular  portion  of  it  around  which  the 
circle  of  tlie  great  lakes  is  swept,  forces  itself  upon  the 
notice  of  any  student  of  American  maps  as  one  of  the 
most  favored  spots  of  the  whole  continent  where  popu- 
lation ought  to  breed  with  almost  Belgian   fecundity." 

Canada  has  nearly  6000  miles  of  sea  coast,  washed 
bv  waters  abounding  in  the  most  valuable  fishes  of  all 
kinds.  Lead  is  found  in  nearly  every  province.  The 
deposits  of  salt  are  the  largest  and  purest  on  the  con- 
tinent. In  the  matter  of  coal,  Canada  possesses  the 
only  sources  of  supply  on  the  Adantic  and  Pacific 
Oceans.  And  between  these  two,  there  are  stretches 
of  coal  deposits  amounting  to  97,000  square  miles. 


And  now.  having  depicted  in  a  most  general  way  a 
few  of  the  features  and  resources  of  diis  great  conti- 
nent, as  described  to  us  by  various  writers,  what  destiny 
awaits  it  all  ? 

Questions  are  arising  which  are  steadily  becoming 
more  complex  and  importunate.  What  is  to  be  dieir 
solution  ? 

Canada's  Premier,  with  a  parliament  having  three 
years  to  sit,  and   wath  a  working  majority  which  has 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA. 


37 


been,  and  still  is,  steadily  increasing,  threatens  to  go  to 
the  people  for  a  verdict  on  the  much  mooted  question 
of '  Annexation." 

The  steady  trend  of  Government  has  been  towards 
popular,  or  republican,  forms  of  Government.  Bismarck 
is  an  old  man  now,  and  there  is  nobody  to  take  his 
place.  If  Germany  had  popular  Governmeni,  there 
would  be  little  more  heard  of  socialism.  Tlie  nevv- 
franchise  may  allay  the  restlessness  in  England  for  a 
time,  but  Gladstone  is  also  an  old  man,  and  is  the  last 
of  a  coterie  of  orators  and  statesmen,  who  have  made 
the  Victorian  era  f^imous:  who  can  foretell  th(.'  occur- 
ences which  may  take  place  when  these  two  towers 
of  strength  have  passed  away?  The  thoughtful  men 
of  Tuigland  admit  the  belief  that  a  social  revolution  is 
impending. 

In  Italy  the  situadon  is  daily  becoming  more  strained. 
The  Government  is  on  die  eve  of  perpetrating  a  gigan- 
tic act  of  spoliation.  Towards  die  middle  of  the  com- 
ing month  (February,  18S9),  a  bill  will  be  submitted  to 
the  Chambers  for  the  confiscation  and  sale  of  the  im 
mense  possessions  in  Italy  of  the  various  monastic  and 
religious  orders  known  by  die  name  of  "Opere  Pie." 
The  value  of  the  property  is  estimated  at  $6cio,ooo,ooo 
yielding  an  annual  revenue  of  $30,000,000.  The  min 
istry  finds  -itself  face  to  face  vvidi  a  deficit  of  no  less 
than  $7o.oco,ooo. 

The  arrears  of  taxes  are  enormous,  and  the  number 
of  seizures  and  forced  sales  by  the  Governmtjnt;  for 
non-pa)ment  c  1  taxes  has  bec(.)me  very  great.  In  the 
south  of  Italy  especially,  whole  \-illages  and  districts 
have  been  put  up  for  auction  by  the  Sheriff.     Most  oi 


1^ 


:.8 


THE    DESTINY   OF    AMEIUCA. 


the  big  cities  are  bankrupt  and  unable  to  pay  the  in- 
terest on  the  extensive  loans  they  have  made.  Farmers 
cannot  find  a  market  for  th<;ir  crops  and  stock.  Miser}- 
reigns  supreme  everywhere.  From  almost  every  im- 
portant centre,  reports  arrive  of  riots  and  serious  distur- 
bances, of  processions  of  starving  men  and  women 
clamoring  in  the  public  streets  for  bread  and  work. 
The  national  debt  averages  $75,  per  caput.  Emi- 
gration for  1888.  was  300,000. 

The  ''  Lombardiay  an  important  northern  paper 
sa)'s: 

"An  improvident  and  spendthrift  financial  policy, 
without  definite  place  or  programme,  and  a  foreign 
polic)'  which  under  the  pretext  of  peace,  involves  the 
Nation  in  all  the  disadvantages  of  war,  have  contributed 
to  the  economic  situation  of  the  Country." 

France  is  perilously  close  to  another  revolution. 

Russia  is  being  agitated  from  her  centre  to  her  cir- 
cumference. 

■•'Europe  is-  an  armed  camp,  and,  like  Vesuvius,  the 
eruption  may  come  at  any  time. 

Should  England  become  Republican  in  form  of  Gov- 
ernment.— and  she  undoubtedly  Avill — what  is  to  be- 
come of  Canada:  Is  she  likely  to  remain  an  indepen- 
dent Nadon.  and  maintain  two  chains  of  custom  houses, 
ant!  I'.issibly  forts,  instead  of  one?  Why  were  two 
Countries  of  such  vast  expanse,  divided  only  by  an 
imaginary  line  of  latitude,  each  endowed  with  such  rich, 
varied  and  limidess  resources,  inhabited  by  die  same 
race  ot  people  (the  Anglo-Saxon)  placed  in  juxtaposi- 
tion ? 

Ciranting  dial  there  was  some  specific  reason  for  thus 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA. 


39 


so  richly  endowing  tiiis  particular  continent,  let  us  as- 
certain, if  possible,  what  it  was.  Why  was  net  Asia, 
Africa,  or  Europe  thus  selected?  The  reason  is  be- 
cause America  has  a  duty  to  perform,  a  work  to  do,  as 
obligatory  upon  her  as  that  of  forming-  a  part  of  this 
planet.  This  duty  is  to  support  a  race  of  people  which 
is  to  civilize  and  Christianize  the  world.  This  work 
could  not  be  done  by  America  divided,  it  must, be  a 
United  America.  To  perform  diis,  was  needed  a  con- 
tinent vast  in  extent,  compact,  with  limldess  resources, 
and  capable  of  sustaining  coundess  millions  ot  human 
beings;  and  the  two  countries  above  described  niake 
just  such  a  continent. 

It  was  no  accident  that  peopled  these  two  ccjuntries 
widi  offspring  of  the  same  race.  The  inhabitants  of 
Canada  and  the  United  States  are  as  sons  of  coniun^n 
parents;  they  have  come  from  the  same  stork,  sjieak 
the  same  lan<>uao-e,  have  the  same  customs  and  the  same 
religion.  The  [)eopIe  of  Canada  decidedly  excel  the 
people  of  the  United  States  in  piety  and  observance  of 
the  Sabbath.  Their  country  is  etpial  to,  and  in  some 
instances  surpasses  ours  in  the  production  of  mineral 
and  as^ricultural  wealth. 

These  two  countries  just  described  are  the  last  lo  be 
inhabited  in  the  line  of  latitude.  bunpire  has  been 
steadily  moving  westward  in  the  centuries  i)ast  and  has 
reached  its  western  boundary.  The  world  is  getting 
^■'leJ  up;  it  may  be  centuries  in  filling  to  the  point  of 
crowding,  but  its  doing  so  is  only  a  question  ot  time; 
it  is  to  be  d  >minated  by  one  race  which  will  l^ue  one 
religion.  It  can  hardly  be  doubted  what  race  that  will 
be,  or  what  will  be  the  religion  of  that  race. 


40 


THE    DESTINY    OF   AMERICA. 


The  An^lo-saxon  race  as  has  been  stated,  now  num- 
bers about  100,000,000,  and  rules  about  one-third  of  die 
earth's  inhabitants  and  one -fourth  of  its  surface.  It  is 
hardly  likely  that  this  race  when  it  shall  have  increased 
in  numbers  15  times,  (as  it  will  do  in  too  )-ears)  will 
have  lost  its  power  or  appetite  for  rulino-.  The  power 
of  this  race  to  rule  does  not  depend  on  numbers  alone, 
as  witness  60,000  English  soldiers  keeping  in  peaceful 
subjecdon  millions  of  East  Indians; — or  the  myriads  of 
Asia,  who  have  shown  no  capacity  for  ruling. 

The  Anglo-saxoi  1  ice  is  the  one  destined  to  rule  die 
world  ;   die  religion  :  :  race  will  be  the  Christian ; 

the  home  and  seat  of  p.  er  of  that  race  will  be  Amer- 
ica. In  this  connection  I  would  quote  some  remarks 
of  ex-Governor  Gray,  of  New  Zealand.  Speaking  of 
the  Samoan  Islands,  he  says: 

"It  would  b'^  far  preferable  to  leave  each  of  these 
island  groups  with  independent  governments,  setding 
all  disputes  among  themselves  by  arbitrations,  and 
guided,  if  possible,  by  a  commission  of  foreign  powers. 
It  is  clear  that  America  is  aiming  at  this  line  of  policy, 
annexing  none  of  the  Islands  herself,  and  doing  her  ut- 
most to  preserve  the  peace  of  the  Pacihc.  This  also  is 
certain  to  be  the  policy  of  all  English  possessions  in  this 
part  of  the  world.  America  ivill  eventually  become  the 
leader  of  th-'  Anglo-saxon  race,  and  will  displace  Eng- 
land from  the  position  she  now  holds.  Many  eyes  in 
this  part  of  the  world  are  already  drawn  towards  Amer- 
ica as  the  |)ovver  that  is  likely  to  preserve  the  interests 
of  the  Anglo-saxon  race  in  the  Pacific,  widiout  herself 
annexing  anything,  or  allowing  foreigners  to  do  so.  It 
is  clear  that  the  centre  of  power  among  the  Anglo-.Saxon 


THE    DESTINV    OF    AMERICA. 


41 


race  is  shifting  to  America,  as  the  centre  of  population 
has  already  done.  It  is  therefore  unwise'  of  I'^ngland 
to  neti^lect  her  interests  in  such  a  time  of  emergency. 
The  United  States  does  not  require  a  standing  army, 
and  consequently  the  whole  resources  of  the  people  so 
circumstanced  could  be  devoted  to  the  jnaintejiance  of 
a  navy  which  %vould  77iake  the  Anglo-Saxon  face  mistress 
0/  the  loorld. 

This  will  be  the  more  easily  comprehended  if  we 
take  a  brief  glance  at  what  Christianity  has  already  ac- 
complished, what  it  is  destined  to  accomplish,  and  what 
non-Christian  religions  have  failed  to  accomplish;  and 
from  these  facts  note  the  connection  between  Christ- 
ianity, the  Anglo-Saxon  race  and  America,  or  in  other 
words  state  what  America's  destiny  is. 

WHAT  IS  CHRISTIANITY? 


At  a  certain  era  in  the  world's  history,  not  very  re- 
mote as  compared  with  the  duration  of  the  human  race 
on  the  earth,  there  appeared  a  new  moral  force  in  hu- 
man history.  It  originated  in  an  obscure  tribe  of  a  re- 
mote province  of  the  Roman  limpire,  and  was  embodied 
in  the  j)ersonality,  life  and  teachings  of  a  reniarkable 
Being,  called  "Jesus  the  Christ."  The  outcome  of  the 
teachings  of  this  P)eing  is  what  we  call  Christianity. 
The  moral  trutlis  in  these  teachings  were  not  aljsolutely 
new  as  indeed  die  principles  of  morality  rest  on  the 
principles  of  human  nature,  and  must  be  known  more 
or  less  clearly,  to  all  men;  but  they  were  presented 
with  such  unequalled  elevation  and  purity,  accompanied 
with  spiritual  truths  so  profound  and  universal  as  well 


42 


THE    DESTINY   OF    AMERICA. 


as  with  supernatural  claims,  that  tlie  whole  formed  a 
new  power  In  the  world  for  tlie  moral  renovation  of 
man,  in  other  words,  a  religion  but  one  claiming  to  be 
absolute  and  universal  for  all  ages,  and  races  and  cir- 
cumstances. 

WHAT  HAS  CHRISTIANITY  ACCOMPLISHED? 


Christianity  came  into  existence  at  a  time  when  the 
Roman  Empire  was  in  the  height  of  its  glory,  and  from 
the  banks  of  the  Tiber  governed  the  civilized  world. 
At  that  time  a  Roman  Father  had  absolute  authority 
over  his  son,  lie  coultl  chastise,  put  in  chains,  exile,  or 
sell  him  as  a  slave  ,  and  he  had  power  of  life  and  death 
over  him. 

The  son's  prvjnertv  became  the  father's;  he  could 
assign  a  wife  to  him,  divorce  him  when  married,  or 
transfer  hi.n  to  another  family  by  "adoption." 

Under  the  Roman  law.  a  husband  had  power  of  life 
and  death  over  his  wife,  and  absolute  control  over  her 
property.  The  position  of  woman  in  "Christian"  (?)  Eng- 
land, even  in  1 814  doe?,  not  indicate  that  "honor  to 
womanhood"  was  an  all  prevading  sentiment,  when  a 
man  could  bring  his  wife  to  market  in  a  halter  and  sell 
her  at  auction  fur  two  and  six  pence  with  an  additional 
six  pence  for  the  rope,  making  a  total  of  30  pence  or 
72  cents.  \'ice  among  Roman  families  had  reached  its 
lowest  depths  during  the  first  centuries  of  the  Christian 
era.  'There  is  no  doubt  that  the  Stoical  philosophy 
which  was  the  most  elevated  and  pure  known  to  Greek 
and  Roman  antiquity,  accomplished  a  great  deal  of 
good.     The  Stoical   Moralists   recjuired,  among  other 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA. 


43 


things,  absolute  purity,  liut  few  of  their  followers  have 
ever  practiced  this  high  self-restraint,  and  no  great  ex- 
ample stimulated  them  to  it. 

A  Roman  slave  murdered  his  master,  and  all  his 
fellow  slaves,  to  the  number  of  600,  and  all  innocent, 
were  put  to  death  wiUi  him.  Iliunan  life  was  lir-ld 
hardly  less  cheap  in  civilized  I:lnglan(.l.  English  Law 
recognized  235  capital  offenses.  A  rabbit's  life  was 
worth  more  than  that  of  a  man.  To  injure  Westminster 
bridge  meant  death,  and  so  on. 

The  Roman  races,  and  many  races  under  them,  had 
fallen  to  such  a  low  stage  of  degeneracy  as  to  be  beyond 
redemption.  Free  marriage  gave  rise  to  the  utmost 
freedom  of  divorce.  .Separation  could  be  legally  caused 
by  either  party,  by  a  desire  to  divorce  expressed  in 
writing.  Marriage  by  civil  contract  could  be  dissolved 
by  mutual  consent.  Modesty  was  held  to  be  a  pre- 
sumption of  ugliness.  Though  th(;  women  of  the  bar- 
baric Keltic  tribes  held  a  peculiar  and.  revered  position, 
and  were  noted  for  thc^r  purity,  (there  being  many  in- 
stances where  they  killed  themselves  rather  than  sub- 
mit to  dishonor  from  the  Roman  soldierv),  and  the 
early  Teutons  had  scales  of  penaldes  for  every  ap- 
proach against  woman's  virtue,  )^n  she  was  under  tute- 
lage. And  this  tutelage  gave  the  husband  pov.er  to 
sell,  punish  or  kill  his  wife. 

In  all  barbaric  society,  individual  injury  is  at  once 
revenged  on  the  person  of  the  enemy.  Even  to  this 
day  the  Arabs  carry  out  blood  feuds  to  an  extreme. 
Such  was  the  condition  of  mankind  at  the  advent  of 
Christianity. 

One  of  the  first  and  most  j)owerful  effects  of  Christ- 


44 


TrrK    DEsnN\'    hF    AML'RICA, 


t 


ianity  on  the  barbaric  and  halfcivilized  socict)-  of  luirope 
was  the  new  position  wliich  it  .^ave  to  woman;  and  the 
sacred  value  it  attached  to  m^.rria.fre.  As  centuries  go 
on,  the  test  of  advancini:^  civi'ization  is  the  social,  legal 
and  political  position  of  the  weaker  sex.  Human 
society-  rises  out  of  its  low  estate,  not  merely  by  elevat- 
ing woman,  but  also  by  curbing  the  barbaric  passion 
for  blood  revenge.  The  first  inlluence  of  a  love  anct 
faitli  towards  Jesus  Christ  is  to  lead  men  to  imitate  and 
obey  Mini  by  controlling  revenge  and  hatred.  A  fedual 
and  wild  society,  falls  naturally  into  "private  war" 
where  each  chieftain  "fights  for  his  own  hand."  Eu- 
rope was  nearly  reduced  to  anarchy  imder  these  un- 
controlled habits.  The  figure  which  appeared  in  the 
storm,  and  t[uieted,  if  only  for  a  time,  the  waves  of  strife, 
was  Christ. 

The  arbitration  of  the  middle  ages  are  the  fruits  at 
once  of  the  Christian  and  of  the  commercial  spirit;  they 
show  the  first  settlement  of  European  society,  and  fore- 
shadowed that  higher  svstem  of  Christian  arbitration 
which  shall  yet  reform  the  relation  of  nations.  The 
"  wager  of  battle"  and  the  "ordeal"  were  opposed  from 
the  beginning  to  the  spirit  of  tiie  "Religion"  of  Humanity. 
The  teachings  of  Christ  allowed  no  such  mode  of  test- 
ing facts  or  obtaining  justice  as  "single  combat."  As 
His  spirit  has  slowh'  imbued,  more  and  more,  indivi- 
duals of  all  classes,  the  barbarous  "judicial  duel" 
dropj)ed  out  of  use,  even  as  his  inHuence  in  modern 
times  has  swept  away  the  "duel  of  honor." 

The  Jewish  religion  and  the  Gospel  of  Jesus  both 
taught  protection  to  the  stranger  and  help  to  the  unfor- 
tunate.    The  old  abuses  inflicted  on  the  stranirer  and 


THE    DESTINY   OF    AMERICA.  45 

the  shipwrecked,  accordingly  melt  away  before  the  new 
teachin_Lrs. 

The  Roman  law  wherever  modified  by  the  Christian 
influence,  carried  down  the  spirit  of  the  humane  teacher 
through  ages  of  lust,  cruelty  and  barbarism.  Along 
with  improvement  of  the  laws  in  the  middle  ages,  went 
advance  in  education. 

^  Christianity  opened  men's  minds  to  all  truth;  it  pro- 
duced that  humility  which  is  the  best  guarantee  of  the 
intellect  against  conceit  and  pride, — often  the  greatest 
obstacles  to  discovery  ancf  progress — it  wMtlidrew  the 
facukies  of  superior  men  from  pursuits  tending  to  clam- 
age  and  destruction,  towards  those  which  would  benefit 
humanity.  / 

The  same  result  was  experienced  in  the  "  Dark  Ages," 
which  has  often  been  since,  viz:  that  a  high  moral  ad- 
vance is  favorable  to  the  intellect.  The  natural  progress 
of  mankind  under  the  influence  of  the  divine  spirit  and 
the  instincts  implanted  in  the  human  mind  is  towards 
respect  for  the  individual  and  towards  self-control:  and 
in  the  preference  of  the  higher  and  distant  good  to  the 
lower  and  present. 

When  the  spiritual  and  moral  faculties  and  sensibili- 
ties are  elevated,  the  probability  is  that  the  other  facul- 
ties of  the  soul  will  feel  their  inspiration,  and  reason, 
judgment  and  imaginadon  be  elevated  by  the  same 
influences. 

The  inliuences  of  the  truths  preached  m  Palestine  are 
peculiarly  apparent  in  the  gradual  diminution  or  cessa- 
tion of  serfdom  and  slavery.  All  the  coundess  institu- 
tions of  human  compassion  and  charity,  which  attempted 
throughout  Europe  to  relieve  the  horrible  misery  follow- 


46 


ntf.  MKHTTNY   OF    AMERICA. 


ing  the  overt] irov,'  M  th<^  Roman  Hmpire;  the  associa- 
tions of  mercy,  IxAj'yiiMiIs.  asylums  refuges,  schools,  and 
centres  of  charity  'nnvf.  directly  enianated  from  the  teach- 
ings of  the  "  Son  of  Man," 

The  grace,  h*:r*mm  and  humanity,  infused  in  Middle 
Age  society,  and  •-»«>  mm  modern  life,  was  through  the 
action  of  I  lis  hixh  on  thfr  German  temperament.  Chiv- 
alry has  inde«-,d  a  I'Aryjt  proportion  of  transitory,  whim- 
sical and  earthly  d<»rm('!nts  in  it.  but  the  humanity  infused 
by  it  into  \var«,  ^*^.  respect  inspired  for  woman,  the 
courtesy  and  con'^i^cJ^rfatJon  tauglu,  the  grace  and  gen- 
tleness cast  over  v><J:<':ty.  the  compassion  it  illustrated, 
belong  to  him  who  ^•mf>f)died  such  pure  cpialities  with- 
out the  alloy  of  cki!.^  feelings,  and  who,  as  the  "Son  of 
Man,'"  was  in  symjj^ftlty  with  all  conditions  of  men,  an 
eternal  idea)  of  comj>a=»si(>n  to  the  unfortunate. 

Mr.  Darwin  omm,  said  of  some  persons  who  were 
criticising  foreijjn  mk^ions:  "They  forget,  or  will  not 
remember,  that  humnn  sacrifice  and  the  power  of  an 
idolatrous  priesdjofyd ,.  a'syf-tem  of  proHigacy  unparal- 
leled in  any  otih'rr  part  of  the  world;  infanticide,  a 
sequence  of  tliat  ^"Mvm\  bloody  wars,  that  all  these 
things  have  been  aS)K>lis^hed,  and  that  dishonesty,  intem- 
perance and  lic<:fitsmfsvness  have  been  greatly  reduced 
by  the  introdu<,tr/n  «fjf  Christianity.  In  a  voyager  to 
forget  these  tilling*  >»  a  base  ingratitude,  for  should  he 
chance  to  be  at  tw,  j>rr>mt  of  shipwreck  on  some  unknown 
coast,  he  will  \w)%%  ((^rvoutly  pra)-  that  the  lesson  of  the 
missionary  may  hay<t  extended  thus  far." 

The  new  constitfljtwn  of  japan  as  promulgated  from 
the  throne  by  ^.  iVfikado.  marks  a  great  stride  by 
that  country  towiir^b  Republicanism,  and  to  a  higher 


THE    DESTINY    <>V    AMERICA 


47 


plane  of  civilization,  h  can  U;  traced  as  being  almost 
directly  one  of  die  resultants  of  Christianity,  and  is 
copied  from  the  American  Constitution.  The  Japan 
Constitution  estaljlish(rs  a  House  of  Peers,  the  mem- 
bers of  which  ant  to  b»;  partly  nominated  by  the 
Mikado;  and  a  House- of  Commons  of  dirce  hundred 
members.  The  ri^^^ht  of  suffra;^e  is  ^Wcm  to  all  men  of 
the  age  of  tvventy-liv(.'  years  and  over,  who  pay  taxes  to 
the  amount  of  $25,00  yearly.  Liberty  of  religion,  free- 
dom of  speech,  and  the  right  of  public  meeting  are 
established.  Parliament  sliall  possess  legislative  func- 
tions and  the  control  of  the  fmances  under  certain  lim- 
itations. Judges  cannot  be  removed  except  by  special 
legislation. 

What  comparison  is  to  be  drawn  between  Christi;m 
and  non-Christian  races? 

The  Hindoo,  Chinese  and  Arabian  may  be  considered 
representative  of  the  religions  odier  than  Christian.  Be- 
yond a  doubt  these  religions  have  accomplished  a  great 
deal  of  good.  'Phe  Hindoos  are  admitted  by  historians 
to  have  attained  to  a  very  high  intellectual  and  moral 
advancement.  'Phe  ancient  books  of  their  faith  contain 
scattered  dirough  them,  moral  and  spiritual  trudis,  which 
in  power  and  depth  equal  many  of  the  doctrines  of 
Christianity.  'Hieir  sages  and  i)oets  frequently  taught 
the  truths  of  the  unity  and  s(>irituality  of  God,  of  a  super- 
intendent providence,  of  man's  sin  and  his  need  of  for- 
giveness, of  immorality,  of  judgment  to  come,  of  human 
brotherhood  and  equality  before  God,  and  all  the  duties 
of  man  to  God  that  spring  from  these  doctrines,  i*  -t 
with  all  these  truths  were  included  soon  so  many  false- 
hoods, so  many  superstitions,  vagaries,  bloody,  cruel, 


48 


THE    DESTINY    OK    AMl.KICA. 


and  licentious  ideas  and  practices,  and  the  want  of  any 
one  simple;  and  pure  life  and  doctrine  like  tliat  cjf 
Jesus,  that  the  people  very  early  fell  into  flehasin;^  prac- 
tices which  checked  proj^ress  'Ihe  j.jreat  causes,  how- 
ever of  the  want  of  pr(\i,n-ess  in  India,  as  comf)arr(l  with 
luiropc,  are  the  existence  of  castt.-  and  the  position  of 
woman.  Caste  is  not  improbably  a  result  of  conrpiest, 
but  it  has  been  strenjj^thened  Insl«!ad  of  weakened  by 
the  reli;.;ion  of  the  Hindoos.  The  laws  of  Manu  (sup- 
posed to  date  back  at  least  to  tii<'  fifth  century  before 
Christ)  sjjeak  of  caste  as  a  law  of  riatun:  and  of  divine 
appointment,  as  much  as  the  creation  of  the  different 
animals.  Ikit  even  more  than  cast'!,  has  the  jjosilion 
of  woman  in  India  retarded  h(;r  pro;^ress.  The  oldest 
reliipous  documc^nts  and  many  of  th«;  ol<l'  r  laws  appear 
to  have  recoL^nized  a  higher  inlluence  and  p«jslti(jn  for 
woman  than  do  the  modern.  .Still  even  the  laws  of 
Manu  assit,m  ht;r  an  inferior  position.  Tlu;  wife;  is  per- 
mitted to  be  sold  or  beaten.  A  husband  must  con- 
stantly be  revered  as  a  god  by  a  virtuous  wife.  She 
could  not  under  the  old  code  give  evidence;  she  could 
not  share  in  the  parental  property,  she  was  by  system 
deprived  of  education.  As  a  wife  she  was  held  unwor- 
thy to  eat  with  her  husband. 

Buddhism  entered  China  when  two  systems  h(;]d 
sway. 

The  truths  of  Confucius  though  in  many  rer»pects 
elevated  and  Tilled  with  the  sense;  of  hu)Man  brotherhood, 
not  being  connected  with  pure  religion,  failed  to  stim- 
ulate to  an  ever  moving  progress.  Thf;y  cultivated 
good  will,  and  filial  pity,  and  public  duty,  and  f)utward 
propriety;  but  they  did  not  offer  inducements  so  pow- 


IKK    l)I.S'IIN\     OK    AMKKICA. 


49 


<TfiiI,  or  sik;1i  personal  affection  for  a  siiprrnatiiral 
u-adicr,  or  the  sense  of  (lod  and  immortality,  sufficient 
to  overcome;  human  selfishness. 

Such  teachinnrs  as  "with  the  slayer  of  his  father,  a 
man  may  not  live  under  the;  same  heaven,"  "against 
the  slayer  of  his  brother,  a  man  must  never  have  to  ^o 
home  to  fetch  a  weajion,"  "with  the  slayt:r  of  his  friend. 
a  man  may  not  live  in  the  same  state,"  kept  alive  feuds 
in  China.  The  position  of  woman  in  China  is  evidently 
one  of  the  causes  of  the  slu^-^gish  condition  of  the  coun- 
try during-  so  many  centuri<;s.  Woman  has  apparendy 
liith;  important  part  there,  either  socially,  [)oliticalIy  or 
morally.  Accoidiny^  to  Confucius  she  can  determine 
nothinj^^  of  herself  and  must  obey  her  father  when  youns^, 
h(.'r  husband  when  married,  and  her  son  when  her  hus- 
band is  old.  liic  Spanish  Arabs  of  ihe  tenth  and 
elevendi  centuries,  drawin<r  dieir  inspiration  perhaps 
from  an  older  civilization  were  as  much  superior,  intel- 
lectually, to  the  French,  Germans,  and  I'!ni(lish  of  their 
age,  as  are  these  peoi)le  now  to  Afghans  or  'lurks. 

In  the  arts  and  sciences  and  many  of  the  best  fruits 
of  civilization,  in  refinement  and  intellect,  the  Moham- 
medans of  the.  middle  ages,  both  of  I^irope  and  Asia 
far  exce(;ded  the  Christian  nation.  They  followed,  too, 
a  l^iith  which  contained  one  great  divine  truth,  the  ex- 
istence of  one  infinite  and  spiritual  Creator,  to  whom 
all  m(!n  were  responsible.  They  abhorred  idle  worshifi, 
and  no  doulit  often  came  in  contact  with  nominal 
Christians,  who  were  farther  removed  than  diemselves 
from  the  spiritual  worship  taught  in  the  Hible.  But  the 
sensirrdity  encouraged  by  their  faith;  tht- cruelty  and 
bigotry  taught  by  it;  the  fatalism  implic;d  in  it;   the  per- 


i^ 


so 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA. 


mission  given  in  it  to  polygamy,  divorce  and  slavery, 
proved  tliat  it  v/as  not  die  religion  of  the  future,  not 
the  religion  of  humanity,  and  must  come  to  an  end. 

In  fact,  the  many  false  and  evil  elements  in  Moham- 
medanism, have  made  it  one  c-f  the  curses  of  mankind. 
It  has  spread  abroad  die  spirit  of  cruelty  and  lust,  and 
imder  it  are  found  the  unnatural  vices,  the  oppression 
of  subject  races,  and  the  degradation  of  woman,  which 
belonged  to  Europe  before  the  era  of  Christianity.  Its 
teachings  of  the  doctrine  of  fatalism  are  an  insurmount- 
able obstacle  to  all  advance,  whether  in  civilization  or 
morals,  Man  becomes  the  mere  sport  and  implement 
of  an  irrestible  destiny.  It  has  in  it  no  element  of  per- 
manent, social  and  moral  progress.  The  science  and 
intellect  of  some  of  the  races  which  embraced  It  could  not 
save  it.  It  so  lacks  the  Christian  respect  for  the  indi- 
vidual, and  die  Christian  benevolence,  that  it  never 
suits  itself  to  liberal  Government  or  to  advanced  civili- 
zation. The  splendor  of  Spanish  and  Asiatic  Arab  art 
and  architecture  is  only  seen  in  ruins;  die  science 
which  once  led  die  world  in  investigation  only  remains 
in  words  which  have  become  histories,  and  in  discov- 
eries which  have  preceded  modern  researches ;  while 
the  barbaric  tribes  whom  the  followers  of  Mohammed 
then  so  despised,  and  who  were  in  such  low  intellectual 
and  moral  condition  during  the  Arabic  period  of  glory, 
now  lead  the  world's  progress. 

The  death  of  the  Sheik-al-Islam  calls  attention  to  the 
wane  of  Mohammedanism.  For  several  years  past  the 
influence  of  the  priests  in  Cario  and  Constandnople  has 
been  ver)^  greatly  diminished.  The  revolt  of  Moham- 
med Ahmed,  who  styled    himself    El-Mahdi,  or    the 


THE    DES-.INY    OF    AMERICA. 


51 


prophet,  was  purely  a  religious  uprising.  For  centuries 
the  Mohammedan  world  has  been  looking  for  the 
coming  of  "The  Prophet,"  as  the  Jews  looked  for  die 
Messiah. 

Thus  we  see,  none  of  these  religions  impress  them- 
selves as  the  religion  of  the  future,  for  all  mankind,  in 
all  ages  and  under  all  circumstances.  This  is  incon- 
testibly  proved  by  the  fact  diat  traditional  creeds  or 
religions  such  as  those  of  the  Jews,  Buddhists,  Brahimns, 
Mohammedans  are  losing  their  hold. 

Wherever  Christian  and  non-Christian  races  come 
into  contact  the  latter  are  stirreci  up  and  made  to  feel 
the  pulsations  of  civilization.  Civilization  is  a  synonym 
for  higher  and  better  wants,  and  the  races  of  China, 
India  and  Africa  are  to  feel  those  wants, 

WHAT   IS   CHRISTIANITY   DESTINED   TO 
.    ACCOMPLISH? 


In  the  struggle  for  existence  that  individual,  or  that 
race  of  individuals,  is  the  most  sure  to  survive,  which 
is  the  most  fitted  for  its  conditions,  physical,  mental,  and 
moral.  And  as  every  faculty  and  power  develops,  and 
the  relations  of  human  beings  wiUi  one  another  become 
more  complicated,  that  race  wliich  will  survive  will  be 
the  one  most  in  harmony  with  the  most  advanced  and 
refineci  conditions. 

Christianity  is  the  prime  agent  in  evolving  such  a  race, 
The  elements  which  especially  govern  the  relation  of 
men  to  one  another  in  dieir  highest  associations,  are 
sympathv,  i.;stice,  and  love  of  others'  happiness,  the 
control  of  selfish  tendencies,  and  the  aiming  at  univer- 


; 


52  THE    DESTINY    OF   AMERICA. 

sal  q;oo(.l.  In  lower  relations  we  see  in  the  histor)'  of 
the  past,  that  such  races  as  vioh.ted  habitually  ordinary 
morals  and  were  _i:^reedy  of  wealth,  indifferent  to  injust- 
ice; tyrannical  to  the  weak;  corrupted  by  pleasure;  weak- 
ened by  unnatural  passions;  oppressive  to  the  masses; 
or  eager  for  mere  conquest  or  unjust  glory,  finally  were 
overthrown  and  perished.  As  man  develops  and  so- 
ciety advances,  that  race  in  which  there  is  the  highest 
development  of  sympathy,  of  benevolence,  of  se.xual 
purity,  of  truth  and  justice,  will  tend  to  be  the  stronger 
in  body,  the  most  clearly  united,  the  most  prosperous, 
the  most  free,  the  most  inriuential  on  inferior  races,  and 
the  most  powerful  as  attracting  other  members  to  them- 
selves. All  the  destructive  influences  of  the  world  will 
be  less  operative  on  them.  The  death  rate  of  such  a 
race  will  tend  to  be  the  lowest  possible;  the  physical 
vigor  the  highest;  the  inequalities  of  fortune  will  be  the 
most  compensated  for;  the  trade  and  intercourse  with 
all  other  nations  the  freest;  the  laws  and  social  customs 
will  the  most  approach  perfect  justice  and  humanity. 
The  powe'-  of  such  a  race  will  far  transcend  anything 
hitherto  known,  for  each  member  is  permitted  the  ut- 
most possible  development  of  all  his  faculties ;  and  vigor 
of  intellect  is  infallibly  sure  to  accompany  great  moral 
advance. 

In  the  struggle  lor  existence,  a  perfected  race  like  this 
will  be  as  much  beyond  the  races  which  history  has  known, 
as  the  Aryan  races  now  are  beyond  the  African.  It  will 
tend  to  suplant  them.  It  will  win  the  fruits  of  nature 
first.  It  will  absorb  from  them.  It  will  resist  destruct- 
ive influences  better.  If  driven  to  physical  contest,  it 
would  conquer  them:    it  would  inevitably  lead  all  races. 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA. 


53 


It  need  not  be  said  that  Cliristianity  Is  adapted  to 
form  such  a  race  as  has  been  described  above.  Its 
tendency  is  to  remove  all  destructive  airencies.  It 
teaches  the  brotherhood  oC  man  and  the  priceless  value 
of  each  human  being,  and  therefore  miderniines  serf- 
dom and  slavery,  which  have  overthrown  so  many  com- 
monwealths; and  steadily  elevates  the  masses  who 
make  the  strength  of  a  State,  it  urges  universal  love 
and  justice,  and  therefore  leads  men  to  aid  oiie  another 
in  every  possible  way,  to  assist  by  wise  charity,  to  re- 
move unjust  burdens,  to  take  off  the  trammels  on  trade 
and  intercourse,  to  pass  just  laws  and  abolish  ancient 
abuses. 

Under  the  teaching  of  "doin;.:  unto  others  as  we 
would  have  others  do  to  us,"  and  "loving  our  neigh- 
bors as  ourselves,"  sympathy  and  unselfish  benevolence 
are  the  controlling  elements  in  this  higher  condition. 
It  opposes,  and  must  finally  do  away  with  war.  perhaps 
the  greatest  curse  of  mankind. 

In  defending  marriage  and  presenting  the  highest 
idea  of  purity  as  a  religious  obligation,  it  strengthens 
physical  power  and  diminishes  the  great  offense  of 
woman,  and  will  at  length  remove  it. 

One  of  die  most  remarkable  results  of  modern  re- 
search is  the  confirmation  of  the  accuracy  of  the  histor- ' 
ical  books  of  the  Old  Testament.  The  ruins  of  Baby- 
lon and  Nineveh  shed  a  light  on  those  books  which  no 
skepticism  can  invalidate.  What  surprises  us  most  is 
this  marvelous  accuracy  in  minute  details,  which  are 
now  substantiated  by  recent  discoveries. 

Sir  Henry  Rawlinson,  speaking  of  the  researches 
in   Babylon,  says:  "the   name  of  every  town  of  note 


^'' 


54 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA. 


in  ancient  Syria,  mentioned  in  the  bible,  can  be  sub- 
stanitated  by  the  ruins  of  that  City.  The  visit  of  the 
Queen  of  Sheba  to  Solomon  is  ]  erfectly  verified." 

An  astonishing  feature  of  t\v  word  of  God  is,  not- 
withstanding the  time  at  which  its  compositions  were 
written,  and  the  multitude  of  the  topics  to  which  it  al- 
ludes, there  is  not  one  physical  error,  not  one  asserdon 
or  allusion  disproved  by  the  progress  of  modern  sci- 
ence. None  of  those  mistakes  which  the  science  of 
each  succeeding  age  discovered  in  the  books  of  the 
preceding.  Peruse  with  care  the  scriptures  from  one 
end  to  the  other,  to  find  such  blemishes,  and  whilst  you 
apply  yourself  to  this'  examination,  remember  that  it  is 
a  book  which  speaks  of  everything,  which  describes  na- 
ture, which  recites  its  creation,  which  tells  of  the  water, 
of  the  atmosphere,  of  the  animals,  and  of  the  plants.  It 
is  a  book  which  tells  us  the  first  revolutions  of  die  world, 
and  which  also  foretells  its  last.  It  is  a  book  which 
nearly  fifty  writers,  of  every  degree  of  cultivation,  ot 
ever\'  State,  of  every  condition,  and  living  through  the 
course  of  fifteen  hundred  years,  have  concurred  to 
make. 

It  is  a  book  which  was  written  in  centre  of  Asia,  in 
the  sands  of  Arabia,  in  the  deserts  of  Judea,  in  the  Court 
of  the  Temple  of  the  Jews,  in  the  music  schools  of  the 
prophets  of  Bethel  Jericho,  in  the  sumptuous  palaces 
of  Babylon,  and  on  the  idolatrous  banks  of  the  Shebar. 
It  is  a  book  whose  first  writer  had.  been  forty  years  a 
pupil  of  the  magicians  of  Egypt;  whose  first  writer  pre- 
ceded, by  more  than  nine  hundred  years,  the  most  an- 
ciept  philosophers  of  ancient  Greece  and  Asia.  .Search 
among  its  fifty  authors,  and  its  sixty-six  books,  search 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA. 


55 


for  only  one  ot  those  thousands  of  errors  which  the 
ancients  and  moderns  have  committed  in  speaking  of 
the  heavens  and  the  earth,  of  their  revohitions,  of  their 
elements;  and  you  will  find — not  one. 

It  is  on  this  book,  which  defies  contradiction,  contro- 
version or  assailing,  in  an\'  manner  or  form,  the  Christ- 
ian founds  his  faith,  as  on  a  Rock  of  Gibralter.  Hr 
imbibes  Irom  it  more  pure  m.orality,  more  important 
history  and  finer  strains  of  poetry  and  eloquence,  than 
can  be  gathered  from  any  or  all  other  books,  no  matter 
of  what  age  or  language  they  may  be.  He  finds  it  to 
be  indispensable  in  its  profound  wisdom,  energy,  and 
simplicity;  he  finds  it  one  continued  lesson  of  the  strict- 
est morality,  of  justice,  and  of  universal  charity. 

The  question  might  very  naturally  arise  as  to  why 
the  effect  of  Christianity  past  and  to  come,  should  have 
more  significance  when  taken  in  connection  with  the 
American  people  than  widi  any  other  nationalit)'.  The 
reason  is  because  the  An£*-lo-Saxon  race  stands  to-dav 
as  the  exponent  of  two  great  ideas, — Christianity  and 
Civil  Liberty. 

Christianity  is  the  lever,  and  Civil  Libert)'  is  the  ful- 
crum by  which  the  world  is  to  be  moved.  The  Anglo- 
Saxon  race  has  increased  from  an  insignificant  number 
in  A.  I).  1600  to  over  100000,000  at  the  present  time, 
(1889)  and  one  hundred  years  hence  will  be  about 
1,500,000,000,  of  which  about  one-half  will  be  in  the 
United  States  alone.  A  component  part  of  this  race, 
the  American  people,  is  already  far  ahead,  in  many  ways, 
of  the  other  peoples  making  up  the  Anglo-Saxon  race. 

Mankind  has  grown  to  be  at  once  more  delicate  and 
more  enduring,  more  sensitive  to  weariness,  and  yet 


tf'' 


56 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA. 


more  patient  of  toil,  more  impressible  but  more  capable 
of  bearing  powerful  irritation,  in  short  it  is  made  up 
of  liner  material  which  though  apparently  frailer  always 
outlasts  the  coarser.  The  physical  and  mental  changes 
which  are  taking  place  in  the  inhabitants  of  the  United 
States  are  apparently  to  adapt  men  to  meet  with  the 
demands  of  a  higher  civilization. 

It  has  been  asserted  that  physical  degeneracy  is  al- 
ready apparent  in  the  American  people,  and  that,  sup- 
posing Christianity  to  prevail  with  all  mankind  the 
Christian  characte^r  of  the  future  would  be  deficient  in 
courageous  and  manly  principles.  The  answer  to  the 
latter  part  of  the  objection  is,  that  as  civilization  ad- 
vances moral  courage  will  be  more  and  more  in  demand, 
and  physical  nerve  and  resolution  gained.  The  Christ- 
ian ideal  has  always  been  far  in  advance  of  past  ages; 
and  is  still  far  in  advance  of  our  own.  It  would  be  dif- 
ficult, nearly  impossible,  for  luan  to  conform  his  life  to 
the  higher  principles  of  Christianity,  and  survive  in  the 
struggle  for  existence;  but  it  is  not  to  be  denied  that 
it  would  be  easier  of  accomplishment  in  the  present 
century  than  any  century  past. 

The  answer  to  the  former  part  of  the  objection  is  one 
of  statistics.  F(;.v  even  imagine  what  a  masjnificent 
type  of  manhood  the  American  race  is.  Statistics  of  the 
late  Rebellion  prove  the  native  American  was  from 
three  quarters  of  an  inch  to  one  inch  taller  than  the 
tallest  of  the  foreigners;  that  he  was  only  exceeded  in 
girth  of  chest  by  the  Irish  (the  stoutest  of  all  foreign- 
ers) by  one  quarter  of  an  inch;  that  his  weight  was  in 
proportion  to  his  stature;  and  that  in  physical  endur- 
ance he  was  equaled  by  none. 


THE    DESTINY    OF   AMERICA. 


57 


The  type  of  character  evolved  by  conformity  with 
Christian  principles  is  one  of  self-control,  earnestness, 
carefulness,  and  a  due  sense  of  responsibility  to  a  higher 
power. 

Darwin  in  his  "descent  of  man,"  says: 
"There  is  apparendy  much  in  die  belief  that  the 
wonderful  progress  of  the  United  States,  as  well  as  the 
character  of  the  people,  are  the  result  of  natural  selec- 
tion ;  for  the  more  energetic,  restless  and  courageous 
men  from  all  parts  of  Europe  have  emigrated  during 
the  last  ten  or  twelve  generations  to  that  great  country, 
and  have  there  succeeded  best.  Looking  at  the  dis- 
tant future,  I  do  not  think  that  the  Rev.  Mr.  Zincke 
takes  an  exaggerated  view  when  he  says: 

"All  other  series  of  events,  as  that  which  resulted  in 
the  culture  of  mind  in  Greece,  and  that  which  resulted 
in  the  Roman  Empire  only  appear  to  have  purpose  and 
value  when  viewed  in  connecdon  with,  or  rather  subsi- 
diary to.  the  great  stream  of  Anglo-Saxon  emigrauon 
to  the  West." 

The  human  race  is  supposed  to  have  started  from 
die  traditional  "Garden  of  Eden."  Whether  it  did  or 
not,  certain  it  is  diat  it  originated  in  Asia,  and  ever 
since  has  heen  moving  steadily  from  the  Orient  to  the 
Occident,  and  as  the  migration  westward  has  been  go- 
ing on,  the  changes  and  mutadons  in  the  race  have  been 
taking  place.  America  is  the  last  Continent  to  be  oc- 
cupied,— there  are  no  more  worlds.  When  the  con- 
quering c-.rmy,  which  has  for  centuries  been  steadily 
marching  westward,  reaches  the  Pacific,  and  having 
also  reached  a  higher  plane  of  civilization,  it  will  coun- 
ter-march and   go  Eastivard.     The   march   Eastward 


rr^ 


58 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA. 


will  consist  of  a  struggle;  between  the  races  for  exist- 
ence, and  in  this,  as  in  all  other  things,  the  Saxon  race 
will  come  out  victorious. 

When  America,  North  and  5iouth,  is  filled  up  as  Eu- 
rope is,  then  will  come  the  struggle  for  existence  be- 
tween the  races  which  will  end  in  the  survival  of  the 
fittest.  Can  any  one  doubt  in  view  of  the  facts,  that  the 
Anglo-saxon  race  is  being  prepared  for  that  struggle? 

Herbert  Spencer,  speaking  of  the  American  people, 
savs:  "  From  biolo^rical  truths  it  is  to  be  inferred 
that  the  eventual  mixture  of  the  allied  varieties  of  the 
Aryan  race  forming  the  population,  avIII  produce  a 
more  powerful  type  of  man  than  has  hidierto  existed, 
and  a  type  more  plastic,  more  adaptable,  more  capable 
of  undergoing  the  modifications  needful  for  complete 
social  life.  I  think,  whatever  difficulties  they  may  have 
to  surmount,  and  whatever  tribulations  they  may  have 
to  pass  through,  the  Americans  may  reasonably  look 
forward  to  a  time  when  they  will  have  produced  a  civ- 
ilization grander  than  any  the  world  has  shown." 

To  briefly  recapitulate  in  the  light  of  the  foregoing 
facts,  we  see  two  Countries  separated  only  by  an  imag- 
inary line  of  latitude,  almost  co-equal  in  territorial  ex- 
tent, whose  agricultural  resources  and  mineral  wealth 
are  fabulous;  either  of  which  could  supply  the  world 
with  meat,  grain,  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  coal,  iron, 
salt,  precious  metals,  and  many  other  articles  not  nec- 
essary to  mention:  each  of  which  is  inhabited  by  a  race 
of  p'  pie  coming  of  a  common  stock  and  resembling 
one  anodier,  in  all  essential  characteristics,  as  members 
of  the  same  family,  a  race  outstripping  all  others  in 
physical  and  mental  endowments,  literary  attainments. 


THE    DESTINY    OF    AMERICA, 


59 


mechanical  skill,  and,  more  than  all,  accomplished  re- 
sults, one  of  which,  (the  Americati)  has  yet  to  record  its 
first  failure  in  any  undertaking:  cither  of  which  could 
produce  and   maintain  a  Navy  capable  of  practically 
controlling  the  affairs  of  the  world ;  each  capable  of  sup- 
porting  a   population    of  hundreds    of    millions,    and 
together  a  population   of  from   2000.000,00c,  to  2500,- 
000,000;  both  having  such  virgin  and  rich  soil  as   to 
need  only  to  be  tickled  ap-iculturall>     (metaphorically 
speaking)  to  produce  most  boimteous  harvests,  (who 
will    undertake   to   say  what    the    limit  of  production 
might  be  if  careful  and  scientific  methods  of  husbandry' 
were  universally  adopted) ;    each  substantialh'  profess- 
ing the  religion  which,  according  to  the  intention  of  its 
founder,  is  to  be  the  religion  for  all  men,  at  all  times 
and  under  all    circumstances,  the  religion  which  has 
lifted  up  men  and  nations  from  being  brutes  and  bar- 
barians to    their    present  altitude,  and  which  will  lift 
them  to  the  higher   plane    of   Christian  brotherhood. 
Such  are  the  two  peoples  and  countries  united  by  nature 
and  nature's  God.  but  separated,  not  by  interest  or  ex- 
igencies, but  by  political  or  governmental  organizations. 
The  true  question  to  be  solved  is  not  will  the  unity 
of  these  two  countries  help  or  suit  the  United  States, 
or,  will  it  help  or  suit  Canada ;  but  will  it  assist  or  mar  in 
the  federation  of  the  world.     This  continent  will  be  in 
time  a  political,  as  well  as  a  physical  unit,  inhabited  by 
the  most  free,  most  numerous,  most  powerful  and  most 
intelligent  people  on  earth,  it  will  be  the  up-holder  and 
conservor  of  the  rights  and  liberties  of  men  and  nations, 
it  will,  by  itself  walkmg  in  it,  point  mankind  to  the 
pathway  of  peace,  prosperity,  happiness  and  Christian 


/f 


w 


60 


THE  foKftTTTJY   OK    AMERICA. 


elevation.  Us  wiJI  Wrt  \)*i  a  poPcy  of  ap^granclizement; 
it  will  protect  ih*:  rijjhK  and  champion  the  cause  ol 
weaker  nations  wjiivvut  annexing  them,  and  in  doing  so 
it  will  becom<-;  thti  iiftcrownc  I  mistress  of  the  world. 
Such  is  the  true  d«r*tmy  of  the  United  States  and  Can- 
ada; to  oppose  or  AW-.mpi  to  delay  it  can  only  be  done 
on  narrow  an<j  vtJfKh  >,'rounds.  The  Canadian  can 
only  do  it  becau  vr  of  r«;oUections  and  long  associations 
with  Great  liritian.  if';}tr%  of  his  country  losing  local 
power  and  presiMjj*;  '-md  her  limited  independence;  but 
in  parting  witji  th^-v,  «ihe  would  lose  only  useless  recol- 
lections, and  woul<J  ^7i\T\  new  and  no  less  honorable 
associations,  in<;r<:3i;5j«  her  power  and  influence,  and 
maintain  all  true  »MJ»viidual,  social  and  governmental 
independence. 

Looking  down  th*r  ai<tles  of  future  ages,  surely  it 
does  not  recjujr<r  21  prophetic  eye  to  .see  one  vast 
confederation  str^rfininj^  from  the  frozen  North  to 
the  glowing  .South,;  innn  the  heaving  Atlantic  to  the 
peaceful  waters  oi  tim  Pacific.  A  confederated  conti- 
nent peopled  by  'i'^*;  j/f;.'/pie,  having  one  law,  one  lan- 
guage, one  religkyft.  Whose  wide  domain  will  be  the 
home  of  freedom.  a»c]i  at  refuge  for  the  oppressed  of 
every  race  and  <A  *rvf:r/  clime;  whose  mighty  power 
will  be  wielded  to  pfouxt  the  rights  and  liberties  of 
weaker  nations.  WJw/vl-  people  will  be  as  a  beacon 
light  guiding  otivrr  rottrons  to  the  higher  pathway  of 
Christian  manhood. 


